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Industries Using Enslaved Labor
This table shows the data on companies in the manufacturing census in Augusta cross referenced with the Augusta slaveholders
census schedule. Slaveholders in Augusta predominated in low-skill industries, while artisans in Augusta rarely owned slaves.
| Industry |
No. Man. own Slaves |
No. Establishments |
No. Slaves Employed |
| Distilleries |
13 |
18 |
118 |
| Flour Mills |
24 |
43 |
251 |
| Lumber |
5 |
7 |
27 |
| Sawmills |
12 |
19 |
115 |
| Foundries |
4 |
4 |
48 |
| Wagon Makers |
0 |
2 |
0 |
| Carriage Makers |
1 |
5 |
1 |
| Blacksmiths |
3 |
16 |
6 |
| Coopers |
0 |
5 |
0 |
| Saddle/Harness Makers |
3 |
4 |
5 |
U.S. Census Office, Eighth Census [1860]. Population of the United States in 1860, Compiled from the Original Returns of the
Eighth Census. Washington, D.C., 1864. U.S. Census of Population, 1860. Augusta County, Virginia and Franklin County, Pennsylvania.
In U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Washington: National Archives
and Records Administration (Augusta: Reels 1333 and 1387. Franklin: Reels 1111 and 1112).
Edward L. Ayers and William
G. Thomas, III
Industries Using Enslaved Labor
2001
Points of Analysis to this Data:
 "Although Franklin's wealth was concentrated in its rural agricultural commodities, the county was a commercial hub with numerous
businesses and shops more densely concentrated than its Southern counterpart."
"Enslaved labor was integral to Augusta's industries--woolen mills, distilleries, flour mills, lumber mills, and iron foundries--while
skilled white artisan shops were small in number and scale and virtually free of enslaved labor."
"Black people enslaved in Augusta married, raised families, and worked at all sorts of jobs, but they were never far removed
from the tangled affairs of whites."
Citation: Key = E148
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