Assessment of the War Situation
The Spectator, May 7, 1861, p. 1, c. 5:
"Virginia, God Bless Her!"
Praises Virginia's commitment to fight the tyranny of Lincoln.
The Spectator, May 7, 1861, p. 2, c. 2:
"Stand United. "
Urges Virginians to remain united against Lincoln in
spite of the disagreements of policy up until this point.
The Spectator, May 14, 1861, p. 2, c. 1:
"Lincoln's Pledge not to Invade."
Expresses hope that Lincoln will keep his inaugural
promise not to invade the seceded states apart from those localities
or properties previously held by the United States.
The Spectator, May 14, 1861, p. 2, c. 1:
"'The Consecrated remains . . .'"
The remains of George Washington have been moved from
Mt. Vernon to Lexington to "prevent them from being desecrated by the hyena-like Vandals of
the North."
The Spectator, May 14, 1861, p. 2, c. 3:
"The Different Kinds of Soldiers."
The article claims that the South is sending its best sons to
war while the Northern army is composed of the lowest breed of
Northerner.
The Spectator, May 14, 1861, p. 2, c. 7:
"For the Spectator."
Writer supports secession based on the assumption that the goal of the
North is to steal Southern property and ravage Southern women.
The Spectator, June 4, 1861, p. 2, c. 1:
"Victory Will Be Ours."
Urges Southerners not to become overwhelmed by the seemingly
superior strength of the Federal Armies. The South will be victorious because the South is in the
right and will not be defeated if "we perform our whole duty manfully and faithfully."
The Spectator, August 20, 1861, p. 1, c. 2:
"Prepare for the Winter Campaign."
Encourages citizens to contribute blankets, clothing,
shoes, and food to the soldiers. Article reminds all Southerners who are too parsimonious to
contribute that the U.S. Congress recently passed a law confiscating the property of every citizen
of the Confederacy. Thus, they can either contribute goods now and help ensure victory, or lose
everything they have when the South is defeated.
The Spectator, October 1, 1861, p. 1, c. 2:
"Foolish Criticisms."
Ridicules those who criticize the strategy of the
Confederate generals. The article specifically criticizes those parties who want to attack
Washington, even though the army is not yet ready for such
an enterprise.
The Spectator, October 1, 1861, p. 1, c. 4:
"The Difference."
Item responds to the amazement of Northern papers regarding
the prevalence of disease in some Confederate regiments by asserting
that Southern papers are truthful about the condition of the army.
However, Northern paper that tell the truth are closed, confiscated, or
burned by mobs.
The Spectator, October 1, 1861, p. 2, c. 1:
"The Resources of the South."
Article asserts that the South has a tremendous wealth of
natural resources, which will allow her to "maintain her independence against the assaults of an
enemy twice as powerful as the North."
The Spectator, October 8, 1861, p. 1, c. 1:
"No Reconstruction of the Union."
Asserts that the Union is forever broken and that the
installation of tyranny drove the South from it.
The Spectator, October 8, 1861, p. 1, c. 5:
"For the Spectator."
Letter writer calls for the Confederacy to abandon its defensive strategy
and take the war into the North.
The Spectator, October 22, 1861, p. 1, c. 5:
"For the Spectator."
William Frazier of Rockbridge declines the nomination to run
for Congress. In his letter, he urges those who do run to stand on a
platform of military offense and urges that preparations be made to
attack the North.
The Spectator, October 22, 1861, p. 1, c. 6:
"A Dreadful Result of Our Victory at Manassas."
Writer asserts that, since the victory at
Manassas, the troops have become boastful and have forgotten that it was God that gave them
the victory, not their own might.
The Spectator, November 5, 1861, p. 1, c. 2:
"'The Situation.'"
Article ridicules the ineffectiveness of the Yankee war
effort.
The Spectator, November 12, 1861, p. 1, c. 5:
"An Early Advance from the Potomac Probable and Desirable."
Reports a rumor of an
impending Union invasion across the
Potomac and contends that the Confederate presence along the Potomac
is crucially important to maintaining the respect of foreign powers
for Confederate independence.
The Spectator, Tuesday, January 21, 1862, p. 1, c. 2:
"A Hopeful View."
Predicts that the North will soon cease prosecuting
the war for lack of funds in the Treasury and lack of will among the
citizenry.
The Spectator January 28, 1862, p. 1, c. 3:
"The Crisis of the War."
Asserts that the Yankees have lost all prestige in
the international community and that debt will destroy the Northern
war effort.
The Spectator, February 18, 1862, p. 1, c. 1:
"Our Recent Reverses."
Encourages Southerners to take heart in view of
recent reverses on the battlefield and asks that the soldiers
re-enlist when their terms of service expire. The article suggests
that the enemy is plagued by financial woes and cannot continue much
longer.
The Spectator, February 25, 1862, p. 1, c. 1:
"A Brave Boy--The Right Spirit."
Lauds the reenlistment of a sixteen-year-old boy over
his fathers objections, as outlined in the boy's letter, which accompanies the
article. The boy is a member of the West Augusta Guards.
The Spectator, March 11, 1862, p. 1, c. 2:
"Spirit of the South."
States that there has not been a time since the beginning of the war in
which the South has been as determined as it is at the present. The writer believes that
Southerners will "never live to be slaves. In this sublime resolution they have rendered their
subjugation an impossibility."
The Spectator, March 11, 1862, p. 1, c. 4:
"For the Spectator."
Writer warns that the Confederacy must get men into the
battlefield. He complains that the army has been very slow to get men into fighting position, a
delay that may prove fatal to Augusta and the surroundings counties. He also calls on the
authorities to stop the consumption of liquor, which is vital for the South to be
victorious.
The Spectator, March 11, 1862, p. 2, c. 1:
"The Northern Serpent."
Compares the North to a serpent who is attempting to seduce the
South by pretending to be kind and innocent in Hattaras, Nashville, and Roanoke Island.
However, the article states that the South will not fall for such deception.
The Spectator, March 18, 1862, p. 1, c. 5:
"The Prospect--Don't Despair."
Instructs Southerners to take heart--the current reverses on
the battlefield do not indicate a turning of the tide of the war.
The Spectator, April 8, 1862, p. 1, c. 1:
"Our Enemies."
Lists the enemies of the Confederate cause, including not only the United
States government, but also Southern critics of the Confederate government and army.
Speculators who are amassing large profits from their countrymen in time of war constitute the
third group of enemies of the Confederacy.
Staunton Spectator, November 11, 1862, p. 2, c. 3:
"In Spite of the North the End will yet come."
Speculates on the reason that the war might
eventually come to an end without the North accomplishing the submission of the South.
Suggests that the Northwestern states may withdraw from fighting, or that European nations
might intervene on the side of the Confederates. Entreats readers to persevere and to do all that
they can to support the cause so that the end may come as soon as possible.
Staunton Spectator, December 9, 1862, p. 2, c. 3:
"The War Cannot Last Long."
Expresses the belief that the North will soon realize that
winning the war and keeping the South would not financially be worth continuing to fight. The
longer the war lasts, the article predicts, the better chance the South has of winning it.
Staunton Spectator, December 9, 1862, p. 2, c. 4:
"The Yankee Character."
Speculates that "providence" has brought on the war in order that
Southerners would realize the "abhorrence of these living representatives of all the vices"--the
Yankees. Argues that a violent separation between the sections was necessary in order to "open
our eyes to the monsters with whom we had been associated."
Staunton Spectator, December 9, 1862, p. 2, c. 4:
"The End Not Yet."
Argues that there is no hope for peace on the horizon, in light of the
stepping up of preparations for war that the Union government has recently been putting into
effect.
Staunton Spectator, December 30, 1862, p. 2, c. 4:
"Sick unto Death of the War."
Argues that the people of the North are tired of the war and
are anxious for peace. Prints extracts from two letters written by Northern men.
The Spectator, February 10, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Prospects of Peace."
Item predicts that the war will be ended by June 1 based on
perceived dissatisfaction in the North.
The Vindicator, February 20, 1863, p. 1, c. 5:
"Gog (of) the Land of Magog; or Lincoln of the United States."
Compares Lincoln to Gog,
as described in Ezekiel and Daniel, and describes the character of the northern army, the object of
the war, the advantage of having God on the South's side, and the way God will destroy the
North.
The Spectator, March 3, 1863, p. 1, c. 5:
"The Hopelessness of the North in this War."
Alleges that the North is growing tired and
disillusioned with the war effort.
The Vindicator, March 6, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Conscription in the North."
This editorial cites new conscription efforts in the North that
may raise the number of troops to one million. This number should not intimidate the Southern
troops, however, which already "have had to meet great odds in every conflict."
The Vindicator, March 13, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"The Progress of Our Country."
Compares the South of 1863 with that two years earlier,
notes the improvements in the military, praises the patriotism of the people, and thanks God for
protection and benevolence.
The Spectator, June 2, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"'Steadily and noiselessly . . .'"
Complains bitterly about the federal policy of attempting to
starve the Confederacy into submission. The article also criticizes Northern attempts to "turn
from their allegiance and their duty the poor, simple-minded race, whom Yankee cupidity was
permitted, under the Providence of God, to introduce among us."
The Spectator, June 16, 1863, p. 1, c. 7:
"Forebearance Still a Virtue."
The newspaper cautions against raising the black flag in
retaliation for the atrocities of the U.S. forces.
The Spectator, June 23, 1863, p. 1, c. 7:
"The West."
Discusses the fact that some theologians believe that the coming conflict over
Vicksburg has cosmic significance.
The Spectator, June 23, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"Good News From The West And North."
A positive account of war efforts in the West and
North. Article expresses the desire for retribution for the vandalism carried out by the Union
soldiers in the South.
The Vindicator, July 24, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Tired of the War."
The editor writes about some citizens who take advantage of the
opportunity to talk to Yankee prisoners on their way to Richmond. In some cases, the citizens
tell the prisoners they are tired of the war. The editor recognizes that all may be tired of the
deprivations war brings but hopes that the message of the citizens is not that they are tired enough
of the war to take peace at any cost. The editor wants to ensure that Yankee soldiers do not get
the idea that the people of the South are losing their resolve. The editor then criticizes a
prominent Virginian who has said that "'there are some who believe this war should never have
been begun'" and reiterates the patriotism and commitment of the people of Augusta County.
The Spectator, July 28, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"Anecdote."
Recounts a dialogue with the moral that "'those who are foremost to bring on a
war, are not always foremost in the fight."
The Spectator, August 4, 1863, p. 2 c. 4:
"President's Proclamation."
Notifies the readers of President Davis's proclamation that Friday
the twenty-first of August is to be a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer. The article notes that
the President "attributes our trials and reverses to the prevalence of the sins of presumptuous
self-confidence, and the idolatrous worship of Mammon."
The Spectator, August 11, 1863, p. 1, c. 7:
"To the Soldiers of the Confederate States."
President Jefferson Davis's warns of the dire
consequences of a Northern victory in the war. He assures his countrymen that "The victory is
within your reach. You need but stretch forth your hands to grasp it."
The Vindicator, August 14, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"Let Us Be Just."
The editor encourages readers to support President Davis and the army
officers he has appointed instead of second guessing them after the defeat of Vicksburg.
The Spectator, August 18, 1863, p. 1, c. 4:
"Proclamation by President Davis."
A proclamation by the President of the Confederacy for a
day of prayer and submission on Friday, August 21, 1863.
The Spectator, August 18, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"Pull Together."
The Spectator joins the Augusta [Ga.] Chronicle in advocating that petty
internal disputes cease until the war is successfully concluded. The secret to a successful war
effort is unanimity of purpose, according to the Spectator.
The Spectator, August 18, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"The One Duty."
A patriotic call to the citizens of the Old Dominion from the Mobile
Advertiser to resist at all costs the attempts of the North to subjugate them. Instead, the article
urges citizens of Virginia that "come what may--let what may be wrapped in the womb of the
future--there is but one policy, one duty for us. It is to fight--to fight--to FIGHT to the bitter
end."
The Spectator, August 18, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Heads Up--Hearts Right!"
Drawing upon an address by President Davis, the author writes
an upbeat article that assures the public that if all the men currently absent from the field would
just return to their positions, the war could be successfully completed.
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 1, c. 4:
"To the Soldiers of the Confederate States."
Reprints an appeal from Jefferson Davis for the
populace to redouble their efforts in fighting the war. This appeal describes the dire consequences
of failing in the war, and at the same time claims that victory is still attainable. President Davis
also calls on the women of the Confederacy to use their considerable influence to see that all men
return to their duty.
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 1, c. 5:
"Our Strength."
Argues that the Southern army is equal or superior to the Union forces in the
number of troops available. The author seeks to use this information to dispel defeatist
sentiment.
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"Cease Croaking."
Argues for an end to defeatist or critical opinions, which are too often
expressed in the press. Such sentiments serve to discourage the army and the general public.
This article claims that the highest purpose of all organs of public opinion is to buoy the spirits of
the public in this time of crisis. Rather than repeating pessimistic appraisals of the current
situation, the press should encourage the people to redouble their efforts.
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"An Important Event to Happen."
Basing its argument on the predictions of Nostradamus,
this articles asserts that the world will end in 1866.
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 2, c. 4:
"Submission Expected."
Reprints a strident statement of the indomitable spirit of the people
to continue this war from the Atlanta Confederacy. The paper argues that those who
advocate submission misjudge the character of the people. In particular it cites the "incurable
hatred of our people to the dominion of the Yankees."
The Spectator, September 22, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"'The Richmond Examiner says . . .'"
Claims that the war will change the social hierarchy in
the Confederacy. New titles are being considered to honor the extraordinary exertions by civilians
and soldiers in the current conflict.
The Spectator, September 22, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Remarkable Phenomenon--Interpretation Suggested."
A particularly bitter interpretation of a
strange phenomenon in which a number of individuals in Greenbrier County saw what appeared to
be a procession of men dressed all in white marching in military formation across the
countryside.
The Spectator, September 22, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"A Strange Phenomenon."
A description of a remarkable vision witnessed by a number of
people in Greenbrier County, in which what appeared to be a countless multitude of men dressed
in white traversed a field measuring several hundred yards in length and rapidly ascended a
mountain at the end of the field. The vision is alleged to have lasted for over an hour and the
witnesses were described as being highly credible.
The Spectator, September 22, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"'The Richmond Examiner says . . .'"
While conceding that there may have been a diminution
in spirit due to the travails of the war, this article asserts that the most faint-hearted supporters of
the war have been the wealthy. While the rich ardently supported secession before the war, they
have become the primary enemies of continuing the struggle through trying times.
The Spectator, September 22, 1863, p. 2, c. 4:
"For the Spectator--Remarkable Phenomenon."
Letter provides another account of the
mysterious sighting of the men dressed in white.
The Spectator, September 29, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"The Power of Endurance."
Notes that many of those who were most vocal in their call for
secession are now the most faint-hearted about carrying on the struggle, while others who were
reluctant to take this extreme measure are most committed to seeing the struggle through to the
end. The author opines that "[s]uch are some of the lessons of the war."
The Spectator, September 29, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"For the Spectator."
In a learned discussion of the recent apparition noted in the last issue of
the Spectator, the correspondent, recorded only as "K," lists a number of historical precedents for
the phenomenon described.
The Spectator, October 13, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"The Present Condition."
Despite recent setbacks, this encouraging article asserts that the
North has little cause for its optimism about a speedy end to the conflict.
The Spectator, October 13, 1863, p. 2, c. 6:
"Ancient Lessons."
The author finds in an account of "Jewish History" that greed rather than
enemy forces defeated the Israel army. He warns that the same situation is currently facing the
Confederate States and that "[u]nless this spirit is adverted it will work its own cure by
superinducing desertions from our army and turning loose a lawless mob at home that will take
summary vengeance upon the authors of their suffering."
The Spectator, October 13, 1863, p. 2, c. 6:
"The Greenbrier Mirage."
In response to recent articles about a strange apparition witnessed
in Greenbrier County, one reader offers a possible explanation consistent with science and reason.
She argues that military exercises being practiced by Union troops encamped at the Fayette Court
House and special atmospheric conditions caused "an atmospherical speculum [to be] formed by
the hand of nature in the mountainous locality of Mr. Piercy's residence, and that the figures seen
by Mr. P's family were the images of this body of Yankees, who were then marching in regular
order, and reflected in the air in their natural color and forms."
The Vindicator, October 16, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Virginia."
The editor writes about the commitment to the Confederate cause evident in the
actions and sacrifices of Virginians.
The Vindicator, October 30, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Our Cavalry."
Criticizes those Confederates who deprecate the actions of Stuart and his
cavalry.
The Spectator, November 3, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Lincoln's Call for Troops."
Discusses Lincoln's new system to raise 300,000 men by
providing a combination of conscription and cash bonuses. The author sees this tactic as further
proof of the failure of the North to subjugate the South. The writer believes that the requested
number of enlistees will prove inadequate to carry out the North's war plans and "the whole world
will understand that his attempt at subjugation is a hopeless abortion."
The Spectator, November 3, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"A Cheerful View."
A rosy appraisal of the state of the conflict with positive reports from all
the theaters of war. The public is urged to continue its efforts and sacrifices and is assured that,
with a total commitment, the war can be won.
The Spectator, November 17, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"Tripod of Evils."
While acknowledging the severity of the situation facing the South, the
author urges the reader to remember that "[t]he coming days are full of trials, but they are winter
days--dark but brief. Courage! A fickle and uncertain spring will follow the winter, and then--the
clear tranquil sunshine--type of peace!"
The Spectator, November 24, 1863, p. 2, c. 4:
"The Real Issue."
Argues that there can be no compromise on the issues for which this war is
being fought. The alternatives are independence and total subjugation.
The Spectator, December 1, 1863, p. 1,c . 6:
"Victory or Annihilation."
A strong appeal from the pulpit for a steadfast commitment to a
continuation of the war. Using scripture and emotional rhetoric, the Bishop from Georgia paints a
dismal picture of the consequences of defeat for the South.
The Spectator, December 8, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Despond Not--Never Submit."
While a few Southerners may advocate surrender, the vast
bulk of the population remains committed to the cause of independence and refuses "to give up
the ship." The author reminds his readers of Patrick Henry's words: "There is now no submission
but in chains and slavery."
The Spectator, January 12, 1864, p. 2, c. 3:
"Our True Policy."
Suggests that the South should prepare for a long war.
The Spectator, February 9, 1864, p. 2, c. 1:
"The Spirit Of The Army."
States that the Confederate army is in good spirits, and that
soldiers are rushing to reenlist. Also notes that citizens must still brace themselves for a long and
protracted war.
The Spectator, April 12, 1864, p. 2, c. 1:
"The Approaching Conflict."
Predicts that a "most terrible encounter" between the North and
South is in store for sometime this summer.
The Spectator, May 24, 1864, p. 2, c. 4:
"The Spirit of the Boys."
Explains that boys in Winchester have become more enthusiastic
recently about enlisting in the Confederate army because the town was occupied by a black
regiment.
The Vindicator, May 27, 1864, p. 2, c. 2:
"A Review."
The editor warns readers not to be dismayed and think the worst when news
from the war front is delayed and warns readers not to have unrealistic expectations about what
their generals can accomplish in a given campaign. The editor then reviews developments on all
the fronts of the war and looks hopefully to the war's end and the enemy's defeat.
The Vindicator, September 23, 1864, p. 2, c. 2: "Can We Be
Conquered?"
The editor notes that the enemy is exultant over the capture of Atlanta and the
surrender of forts below Mobile. However, he argues, overrunning a country is not the same as
defeating it. He cites the example of the Valley of Virginia and how often it has been invaded but
never captured. The editor contends that the Confederacy will never be defeated because of its
resources and the spirit of its people and armies.
The Vindicator, January 6, 1865, p. 2, c. 1:
"'With this our first . . .'"
The editor thanks friends and patrons for their support and notes
that they all have much to be grateful for at the beginning of a new year. He asserts that many
gains for the Confederacy occurred in 1864, noting that much of the territory held by the North at
the beginning of 1864 is no longer in their hands and that even all the territory Sherman has
passed through remains unconquered. The editor is certain that Lee will continue to triumph over
Grant and that "with an united effort the independence of our country must ultimately be
achieved."
The Vindicator, February 10, 1865, p. 2, c. 1:
"The Peace Bubble Exploded."
The editor reports that the commissioners who traveled to
the North to discuss peace met with immediate rejection from President Lincoln, who said he
would agree to nothing less than the South's unconditional surrender. The editor posits that the
idea of a quick peace other than through a Southern victory is now gone forever. As a result, the
South will become even more united and determined to succeed.
The Vindicator, February 24, 1865, p. 2, c. 1:
"'Our Readers May Remember . . .'"
The editor comes out strongly against croakers, as he
calls those pessimistic about the war's outcome. He reminds readers that the new nation pledged
to be free in 1861 and that if citizens would be true to themselves, then they will be free.
The Vindicator, February 24, 1865, p. 2, c. 2:
"Mass Meeting."
A mass meeting of the citizens of Augusta County will be held next
Monday, February 27, Court Day, in Staunton, to respond to Lincoln's action in the peace
conference. The editor calls on all who can to attend in order to send a strong message of
condemnation to the United States administration's demand for unconditional surrender.
The Vindicator, March 24, 1865, p. 1, c. 3:
"Public Meeting."
The mass meeting held for Augusta County citizens on Monday, February
27, 1865, attracted a large and enthusiastic crowd. The gathering called General Kenton Harper
to the chair and William H. Tams, William H. H. Lynn, and Richard Mauzy as secretaries.
Colonel William H. Harman presented resolutions and read letters from persons who declined to
appear before the gathering, most of whom were occupied with official duties in Richmond.
Hons. J. M. McCue, J. R. Tucker, H. W. Sheffey, and A. H. H. Stuart spoke to the gathering.
The Vindicator, March 24, 1865, p. 2, c. 2:
"Old Augusta Acts."
The editor asserts that Augusta County has never seen as grand an
assemblage than occurred there at the mass meeting on February 27, 1865. The addresses were
patriotic and stirring. After Stuart's address, contributions of supplies brought in 135 barrels of
flour, 7100 pounds of bacon, and $115,000 in money and bonds.
Camps in Augusta
The Spectator, April 14, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"The 25th and 31st Regiments."
Reports that the 25th and 31st regiments passed through
Staunton. Some soldiers became drunken and rowdy and were subsequently placed in the
guardhouse. A scrap between the soldiers and the Guard of the
Provost Marshall was narrowly averted.
Civil Liberties
The Spectator, September 3, 1861, p. 1, c. 1:
"A Favorable Sign."
Asserts that the Republicans have attempted to stifle
the expression of dissent in the North to such an extent that the people
of the North will soon realize the tyranny of Lincoln and his
followers.
The Spectator, September 10, 1861, p. 1, c. 1:
"North and South."
Asserts that civil liberties are being trampled in the North, as freedom of
speech and of the press have been curtailed and arbitrary arrests and harassment by the
authorities have become increasingly common. The article also reports that no such abuse has
occurred in the South, where calm, order and liberty are maintained.
The Spectator, September 10, 1861, p. 2, c. 1:
"Disloyalty of Free Speech."
Editorial from the New York Day Book argues that the paper is
not disloyal just because it disagrees with many of the principles of the Republican party and
opposes the Lincoln administration.
The Spectator, September 24, 1861, p. 1, c. 3:
"'The system of unconstitutional . . .'"
Asserts that the suspension of liberties in the North
is a sign of the weakness of the Government and notes that no similar
suspensions of liberties has occurred in the South.
The Spectator, September 24, 1861, p. 1, c. 4:
"Maryland."
Details the suspension of liberties in Maryland and
asserts that the people there view the Confederate army as a
liberating force.
The Spectator, October 1, 1861, p. 1, c. 4:
"The Difference."
Item responds to the amazement of Northern papers regarding
the prevalence of disease in some Confederate regiments by asserting
that Southern papers are truthful about the condition of the army.
However, Northern paper that tell the truth are closed, confiscated, or
burned by mobs.
The Spectator, March 17, 1863, p. 1, c. 7:
"Correspondence of the Spectator."
Letter condemns Confederate violations of personal
liberty with regard to property, including the anti-distillation bill and the
proposed Tobacco Bill.
The Spectator, April 7, 1863, p. 1, c. 5:
"For the Spectator: A Homily on the Times."
Writer argues that the impressment of goods
and other violations of civil liberties are necessary wartime measures to counteract the avarice of
exploiters and speculators who would starve the army with their greed.
The Spectator, January 26, 1864, p. 2, c. 1:
"Habeas Corpus--The Criminal's Writ."
Opposes suggestions that the writ of habeas corpus
be suspended. Explains that the South cannot fight for liberty while eliminating the individual
liberties of its citizens.
The Spectator, February 2, 1864, p. 2, c. 1:
"Strange Sentiments."
Criticizes the Richmond Enquirer for supporting the suspension of the
writ of Habeas Corpus.
Home Defense
The Spectator, July 2, 1861, p. 1, c. 1:
"Staunton Militia Called into Service."
Announces that the Staunton militia has been called
into the service of the State and lists the officers thereof.
The Spectator, April 8, 1862, p. 1, c. 6:
"Free-Fighters."
Reports on a meeting held in Staunton to organize various companies of
"Free-Fighters," whose purpose will be to defend the Shenandoah Valley from invaders. Lists the
members appointed to the committees that were formed for each district.
Staunton Spectator, November 11, 1862, p. 1, c. 5:
"Prepare for the Incendiaries and Plunderers."
Warns that plundering may soon become
standard practice among Northern troops in the war. Advises that Southerners in the areas where
the enemy is to pass should "leave nothing for the enemy to commit robbery upon." Implores
generals to protect the property of the South and civilians to do their part in keeping that property
from falling into enemy hands.
Staunton Spectator, December 2, 1862, p. 1, c. 6:
"Augusta Springs."
Letter from Imboden's command giving more precise details of a
previously reported engagement in the Allegheny Mountains.
The Spectator, February 3, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Concerning the Valley."
Complains that General Jones is not doing enough to protect the
people of the lower Valley from the Union army, despite the fact that he has more men and
artillery than Gen. Milroy.
The Vindicator, March 6, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"The Valley."
This editorial praises the sacrifices made by the people of the Valley, deplores
their current condition, and condemns Brigadier General Jones, the commander of the forces of
the Valley, for his poor leadership and contribution to the poor conditions in the Valley.
The Spectator, June 16, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Home Defence."
Calls for the mobilization of a home defense.
The Spectator, June 16, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Public Meeting."
Announcement of a public meeting for the purpose of establishing a Home
Defense.
The Spectator, June 16, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"The Militia."
A plea that the proposed militia be established in a uniform manner.
The Spectator, June 23, 1863, p. 2, c. 4:
"Raid Guards."
Details a plan to inform the public of Northern raids into the border counties
and to call raid guards into action.
The Spectator, August 11, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"'There is considerable excitement . . .'"
Warns of a possible invasion of the Valley.
The Spectator, August 11, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"The Yankees."
Alerts readers to the behavior of the Northern troops moving
through the Valley. The article also mentions that more than 50,000 runaway slaves are
currently in and around Washington and that Lincoln is enrolling them for service in
the war.
The Spectator, August 18, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"The Yankees Came Not."
Reports on rumors of Yankee forces in the area and seeks to
reassure the public that the rumors are false.
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"The Yankees Expected."
Recounts the reactions of the local populace to a report (later
proved inaccurate) that Northern troops were in the immediate area. The article notes that "such
a scene has not been exhibited here since the brave ancestors of this people rallied from hill and
dale and mountain glen to meet the enemy in First Revolution, when it was thought that Tarleton
was marching to cross the Blue Ridge at Rockfish Gap."
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"Local Defence."
Publication of an appeal to the people of Augusta County to form volunteer
companies for Home Defense, as dictated by an Act of Congress approved Oct. 18, 1862.
The Spectator, September 8, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"Home Defence."
Announces the organization of companies for home defense at Fisherville,
Mint Spring, and Middlebrook. The article recommends that companies be formed immediately
and elections of officers be delayed until the next Court day.
The Spectator, September 15, 1863, p. 1, c. 5:
"Gov. Letcher's Message."
In response to the duration and severity of the war, Governor
Letcher seeks to organize the Home Guards. While they are part of "local defense" efforts, these
groups are to be utilized wherever needed.
The Vindicator, September 18, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"For the Vindicator."
This letter details the movements of General Imboden's troops and
their capture of prisoners in western Virginia.
The Vindicator, October 2, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Skirmish and Capture of Prisoners."
Two companies of Imboden's Cavalry attacked the
enemy at Burnt House, about seven miles from Beverly, and captured thirty-eight horses and
thirty-seven Yankees. The prisoners passed through Staunton on their way to Richmond.
The Spectator, October 20, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Gen. Averill Reported Coming."
A bravado announcement of the possibility that Gen.
Averill might mount a raid into Augusta County. The author asserts that "[i]f he knew the kind of
reception he would meet with here, he would be as fearful of coming here as of trying again to
reach Lewisburg by way of the White Sulphur Springs."
The Vindicator, November 13, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"War News."
In a weekly column on developments in the war, the editor writes this week
that the enemy is about fifty miles west of Staunton and is advancing towards the town.
The Vindicator, November 13, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"Augusta Raid Guard!"
Colonel John B. Baldwin, having been elected to the temporary
command of the county organization, calls for members to make immediate preparations for
emergency rather than wait for the selection of permanent officers.
The Spectator, November 17, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"The Fight in Greenbrier. Home Guards."
On November 6th, near Greenbrier, a greatly
outnumbered Confederate force under Gen. Echols and Col. Wm. L. Jackson fought heartily, but
had to retreat in the face of a determined attack. The enemy troops under the command of
General Averill next moved towards Staunton until their forces were blocked by Gen. Imboden
near Covington. The presence of a large enemy troop in the area led to the mustering of the Home
Guard units at Staunton. The 3rd Battalion Valley Reserves suffered severe losses.
The Spectator, November 24, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"The Right Spirit."
In response to a possible threat by Gen. Averill, the Augusta Raid Guards
turned out in fine fashion to repel the enemy. While they weren't actually called on to engage the
enemy their turnout indicates that in an emergency they will acquit themselves admirably.
The Spectator, December 8, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"For the Spectator."
In a letter to the editor, the author argues that the militia bill must be
strengthened to include members of certain religious sects who do not use their pulpits to support
the war effort.
The Spectator, December 15, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"The News."
Notes the recent actions by Northern forces in Virginia. The author of this
article believes that these movements are designed to disguise the transfer of troops from Grant's
army to Meade's forces. If the enemy forces do come to Staunton, it is the fervent wish of the
citizenry that they be protected by members of the Stonewall Brigade.
The Vindicator, January 8, 1864, p. 2, c. 1:
"Augusta Raid Guards."
The editor notes an article from the Rockingham Register that
discusses the arrival and quick departure of Northern troops at Harrisonburg, but that fails to
mention the involvement of the Augusta Raid Guard in the operations there. The Augusta Guard
had "just undergone such severe and unaccustomed hardships at North and Shenandoah
Mountains" but assembled and went to Rockingham County anyway.
The Vindicator, January 8, 1864, p. 2, c. 1:
"To Our Patrons."
The editor responds to numerous inquiries as to why the Vindicator has
not been published for the three preceding weeks. During the first week, much of the office staff
went with the Augusta Raid Guards to North Mountain and returned on Thursday, the day before
the paper should have been issued. During the second week, they were involved with the Guard
in Harrisonburg and returned home on Friday, the day the paper should have been issued. During
the third week the editor gave his employees time off for Christmas. The editor hopes that no
further impediments lie in the way of continuous publication in the future.
The Spectator, January 19, 1864, p. 2, c. 1:
"A Correction."
Clarifies an earlier report and states that neither the Harrisonburg Provost
Guard nor the Augusta Home Guard ran away from the enemy.
The Vindicator, February 19, 1864, p. 1, c. 6
"Home Defence."
The House of Delegates intends to defeat Governor Smith's plan for
making home guards more efficient. This editorial argues for increased support of the home
guards and contends that their expansion will greatly aid in staving off raids.
The Spectator, March 8, 1864, p. 1, c. 7:
"To The Farmers Of Augusta, Rockingham And Shenandoah."
Author predicts that the
Valley will be subject to enemy raids during the coming
planting season. Tells farmers that the plundering of farms can be prevented if they provide feed
for the cavalry horses, which could then protect the farms.
The Spectator, March 22, 1864, p. 2, c. 1:
"P[r]ovost Guard."
Reports that the local Provost Marshal is interested in finding recruits
between the ages of 45 and 50. The article says this would be good move for those eligible, since
it would allow them to remain near their homes and families.
The Spectator, April 19, 1864, p. 1, c. 2:
"Notice. Office Provost Marshal."
Notice dated March 10, 1864, calls on men between ages
45 and 50 to apply for service in the local Provost guard.
The Vindicator, April 22, 1864, p. 2, c. 2:
"To the Reserves."
The editor alerts the readers to the orders, published in another column,
of Brig. General J. D. Imboden calling for the organization of Reserve troops. The editor notes
that applications for details or exemptions should go to Imboden's headquarters instead of to the
Conscript Bureau in Richmond, a procedure particularly appealing to the people of Augusta
County since Imboden is so familiar with the needs of the area. In the same regard, those with
flimsy excuses will likely not receive exemptions because Imboden will know the situations of true
need.
The Vindicator, July 8, 1864, p. 2, c. 1: "Apologetic."
The editor accounts for the failure to publish the Vindicator since the issue dated May 27, 1864,
because of the fighting in the area. The editor thanks all persons who participated in the local
skirmishes, who helped save the newspaper office, and who subscribe to the newspaper. He
pledges continued publication.
The Vindicator, July 15, 1864, p. 2, c. 1: "Calling out the
Reserves."
The editor states his concern over the recent calling out of the Reserves of the
Valley. Most of them are farmers who have been ignoring their corn crops, which they planted at
top capacity in order to salvage as much of their wheat crops as possible in the few weeks since
the Reserves were disbanded. Since only white labor is available locally, the corn crop will suffer
even more if white farmers are called to service. The editor is certain that the Commandant of
Conscripts for Virginia is unaware of the labor situation in the area.
The Vindicator, October 28, 1864, p. 1, c. 5: "Arming
Negroes."
Notes the reserve troops available by arming African Americans and calls upon the
public and the government to be of one mind in deciding whether or not to arm them.
The Vindicator, January 6, 1865, p. 2, c. 2:
"General Early."
The army of General Early has been positioned in such a way as to provide
protection for Augusta County. Their continued presence depends on their being furnished
sufficiently. Out of both patriotism and self-interest, the people of Augusta should supply the
army liberally and not hoard supplies for themselves.
The Vindicator, March 24, 1865, p. 2, c. 2:
"Sheridan's Raid."
Sheridan's troops left Winchester on Monday, February 27, 1865, reached
Staunton on Thursday morning, moved on to Charlottesville on Friday, then divided into two
columns when they moved on Monday. They encountered General Early's small force in
Waynesboro while they were on their way to Staunton and captured six hundred or seven hundred
of Early's men, according to people who saw these prisoners pass through Staunton. Sheridan's
troops destroyed canals, rail lines, and bridges along the way, in addition to large quantities of
government supplies and personal property. Sheridan met little resistance because the
Confederate troops were so scattered. The editor hopes the forces will be kept more
concentrated in the future and insists that farmers of the Valley and in counties east of the Blue
Ridge must be willing to supply the army if they want to keep the army nearby for protection.
The Vindicator, March 31, 1865, p. 1, c. 5:
"To the People of Augusta."
The Central Committee at Richmond under the authority of the
Commissary General has organized a committee in Augusta County to procure supplies for the
army. The demand for supplies is urgent. Early's men had to be dispersed since they could not be
adequately supplied, resulting in their absence when Sheridan's troops came through the area
scavenging for food.
Hospitals
The Spectator, August 20, 1861, p. 1, c. 6:
"The Sick in Staunton."
Staunton has become the site of the hospital for sick soldiers from
the Western Army. There is no point west of Staunton where the sick can be adequately cared for.
The Spectator, October 8, 1861, p. 1, c. 1:
"Groundless Charges."
Article responds to an accusation printed in the Lexington
Gazette that surgeons in the military hospital at Staunton had
appropriated items donated to the soldiers for their own use.
The Vindicator, May 22, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"Our Sick and Wounded."
The editor calls for the women of Augusta County to resume their
important roles in the hospital in Staunton now that it is full again with wounded soldiers from
recent battles and now that the small pox threat has passed. The editor refutes the rumor that the
surgeon in charge does not want the women to visit and encourages them to continue the work
for which they have such a good reputation. Those women in the country who may not be able to
visit as frequently may send things to the patients that women in town cannot supply. The editor
notes the "peculiar duties" the "ladies" perform and the "sweet consoling presence" they
provide.
The Vindicator, June 19, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Our Hospitals."
After visiting several hospitals in the state and throughout the Confederacy,
the editor asserts that the General Hospital in Staunton "is better adapted to the wants of a
hospital and that more care is taken to render its patients comfortable than at any other." The
board which oversees the hospitals speaks highly of the local one also.
The Vindicator, September 11, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Religious Exercises."
A religious meeting led by Reverend J. C. Hyde, Chaplain, and other
ministers, is ongoing at the General Hospital in Staunton, with several sick and wounded soldiers
professing their faith and others asking for forgiveness for their sins.
The Spectator, November 3, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Religious Revival."
Reports that a religious revival is taking place in Staunton with over
twenty-four professed converts. The revival appears to have begun amongst the soldiers being
treated at the American Hotel under the ministration of Rev. Mr. Hyde and his assistants.
The Vindicator, May 13, 1864, p. 2, c. 2:
"Our Wounded."
A large number of soldiers wounded in recent battles are in the hospital at
Staunton and have been well supplied by the women of the area with "little delicacies prepared for
them." The editor calls on readers to do what they can to ameliorate the soldiers' conditions and
especially asks persons living in rural areas to do their "patriotic and humane duty."
Loyalty and Opposition
The Spectator, May 14, 1861, p. 1, c. 5:
"Another Lie Exposed."
Announces that the rumor that several Yankee shoemakers had been
imprisoned and then expelled from Staunton is untrue.
The Spectator, May 21, 1861, p. 2, c. 2:
"'The New York Express says . . .'"
Notes that the New York Express wrongly reported that
A.H.H Stuart was compelled to flee Virginia.
The Spectator, May 28, 1861, p. 2, c. 7:
"For the Spectator: The Union Party of Virginia."
Claims that the Union party is not dead,
but has been forced to accept secession by a President insensitive to the needs of the South.
The Vindicator, June 7, 1861, p. 1, c. 6:
"Arrest of Ed. C. Randolph."
Ed. C. Randolph was arrested in Middlebrook and charged
with being a spy. His trial will begin next Saturday.
The Spectator, July 9, 1861, p. 1, c. 2:
"Deleware."
A large public meeting was held in Delaware and resolutions
were adopted denouncing the policies of Lincoln's Administration.
The Spectator, September 3, 1861, p. 1, c. 1:
"The President's Proclamation."
Reports that President Davis has issued a
proclamation notifying those in the Southern Confederacy who do not
recognize its authority that they have forty days to depart or they will be
treated as alien enemies.
The Spectator, March 25, 1862, p. 1, c. 1:
"Thousands Disabled."
Article alleges that many thousands of people in Virginia are
stricken with disease. The article continues, however that the
political disease of treason may also be taking hold in Augusta and
Rockbridge as some citizens were seeking refuge behind enemy lines but
are detained by Confederate pickets.
The Spectator, March 25, 1862, p. 1, c. 1:
"Union Prisoners."
Reports that seventy-two persons of Augusta and Rockbridge
counties were trying to "work their way" into enemy lines to avoid the
levy and the draft. Those apprehended were members of the Tunker
denomination and pacifists. The article assumes their action was an
effort to avoid being participants in the war for either side.
The Spectator, March 25, 1862, p. 1, c. 2:
"Martial Law."
Reports that many citizens have petitioned the President to declare martial
law in Augusta so that disloyal citizens can be arrested and the sale of liquor halted. The article
thinks this would be a rash act.
The Spectator, April 7, 1863, p. 2, c. 1:
"Outrageous Proceedings in Richmond."
Reports that a band of robbers, composed of both
sexes, attempted to rob the stores of Richmond in broad daylight. It is
alleged that John Baldwin and others arrested several leaders of the
band. Baldwin and other officials addressed the crowd and persuaded
the rioter to return home. The Spectator denies that the riot stemmed from want.
The Spectator, April 7, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"The Class Oppressed."
Asserts that class conflict is going to destroy the
Confederate cause. Most of the blame is put on those who are
attempting to get rich to the detriment of the troops and the poor.
The Vindicator, April 10, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"Outrageous Robbery."
A mob looking for bread robbed stores in Richmond on April 3, took
numerous other items, and did not disperse until a commander in the State Guard announced the
governor's orders that he fire upon the crowd.
The Spectator, June 2, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"'We hear very grave . . .'"
Complains that loyal citizens of northwest Virginia were badly
treated by General Jones on his recent trip through the region.
The Spectator, November 3, 1863, p. 2, c. 4:
"Important Arrests."
George Yates of Mt. Sidney, Augusta County, and a number of citizens
of Rockingham County were arrested on charges of "aiding, abetting, and piloting deserters from
the Confederate armies to the Yankee lines." It is reported that the evidence of their guilt is "clear
and unmistakable." [Note that the census does not list any George Yates. John Yates, however,
was a Mt. Sidney Unionist during the pre-war period.]
The Spectator, November 10, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"Aiding and Abetting Deserters."
Ten men from Rockingham County were arrested on
charges of aiding and abetting deserters. After three days of deliberation, Judge Halyburton of the
Confederate State District Court determined that the offense was not committed in his district,
and he ordered the prisoners discharged. The men were then arrested and transported to
Staunton for trial.
The Vindicator, November 20, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Be Just."
William Withrow, Jr., Esq., of Waynesboro, wrote Assistant Quarter Master in
charge of the Army Clothing department at Staunton, asking if the socks he and the aid societies
were sending were being used by the soldiers or by the quartermasters. Phillips assures Withrow
that the socks are reaching the soldiers and that the need for socks in the approaching winter far
exceeds the supply donated to that point. The editor endorses Phillips's statements and cautions
readers not to believe rumors that quartermasters were misusing donations.
The Spectator, December 8, 1863, p. 2, c. 4:
"John Minor Botts' Letter."
In a very strong letter to the Richmond Examiner, John Minor
Botts argues that he has done nothing traitorous in regards to his country. Rather he has said that
he wants "a Government that has the will and power to protect my person and my property
against all abuses; and that I would prefer living as I did before the war, to living as I have done
since the war, is beyond all question, and I would be a madman or a fool if I were to pretend
otherwise."
The Spectator, December 8, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"For the Spectator."
In a letter to the editor, the author argues that the militia bill must be
strengthened to include members of certain religious sects who do not use their pulpits to support
the war effort.
The Vindicator, March 4, 1864, p. 2, c. 3:
"A Word to the Wise."
The editor at the Rockingham Register respects the agreement
between Mennonites and Tunkers and the Confederate government. However, he hopes that no
man exempt from military service for reasons of conscience is shirking his duty to grow as much
as his farm can produce.
The Spectator, March 15, 1864, p. 2, c. 1:
"Home Soldiers."
Expresses astonishment at reports that men exempted from service for
religious reasons are not assisting the army in other ways, such as the production of food.
Refugees
The Vindicator, June 5, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"Relief for the Exiles."
Hugh Sheffey writes the editor about a meeting of the Central
Committee appointed to deal with incoming exiles in which it appointed a working Committee of
Ladies in Staunton to visit exiled families as they arrive in Staunton to assess their needs. The
committee selected John Wayt, Esq., a teller of the Central Bank, as treasurer of the fund and
reports that contributions are coming in steadily. The committee plans to appeal to local ministers
for assistance.
The Vindicator, June 5, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"Relief of Refugees."
A meeting was held on June 1 at the Augusta County court house to
discuss relief measures for the exiles from northwestern Virginia. The Honorable A. H. H. Stuart
was chair, with William A. Burke and T. S. Hogshead, Esquires, appointed secretaries. The chair
appointed Hugh W. Sheffey, Esq., and the Reverends Campbell, Baker, Latane, Dice, and Taylor
to the committee. The committee made several recommendations and collected $865 among the
attendees.
The Spectator, June 16, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"For the Spectator."
A tribute to the generosity of the people of Augusta County in general
and the proprietors of the Virginia Hotel in particular from a refugee.
Taxation, Confiscation, Speculation, and Impressment
The Vindicator, June 5, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"Relief for the Exiles."
Hugh Sheffey writes the editor about a meeting of the Central
Committee appointed to deal with incoming exiles in which it appointed a working Committee of
Ladies in Staunton to visit exiled families as they arrive in Staunton to assess their needs. The
committee selected John Wayt, Esq., a teller of the Central Bank, as treasurer of the fund and
reports that contributions are coming in steadily. The committee plans to appeal to local ministers
for assistance.
The Vindicator, June 5, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"Relief of Refugees."
A meeting was held on June 1 at the Augusta County court house to
discuss relief measures for the exiles from northwestern Virginia. The Honorable A. H. H. Stuart
was chair, with William A. Burke and T. S. Hogshead, Esquires, appointed secretaries. The chair
appointed Hugh W. Sheffey, Esq., and the Reverends Campbell, Baker, Latane, Dice, and Taylor
to the committee. The committee made several recommendations and collected $865 among the
attendees.
The Spectator, June 16, 1863, p. 2, c. 5:
"For the Spectator."
A tribute to the generosity of the people of Augusta County in general
and the proprietors of the Virginia Hotel in particular from a refugee.
Thrift and Economy for the War Effort
The Spectator, June 4, 1861, p. 2, c. 2:
"What Shall We Wear?"
Urges citizens to economize so that more goods
can be donated to the troops. In particular, citizens are requested to dress modestly and
cheaply.
The Spectator, September 17, 1861, p. 1, c. 5:
"Economize."
Encourages citizens to be thrifty and save things
that would be disposed of under normal circumstances.
The Spectator, February 18, 1862, p. 1, c. 3:
"Petitions--Distilleries."
Reports that Augusta citizens have been circulating petitions seeking
to ban the use of grain for distilling liquor.
The Spectator, November 4, 1862, p. 2, c. 1:
"The Uses of Economy."
Blames the drought and the blockade for the shortages that the
Confederacy will likely suffer in the coming year. Urges citizens to be conservative in their
consumption so that the men in the field and their families at home will have more to eat.
The Spectator, June 2, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"National Economy."
Urges Southerners to change their eating habits and to throw less food
away.
The Spectator, June 2, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"A Word in Season."
The Richmond Dispatch encourages women to embrace simplicity in
fashion and to buy nothing that is unnecessary.
The Vindicator, June 19, 1863, p. 1, c. 5:
"The Depression in Trade."
At no time since the war began has the depression in trade been
so deep and so widespread. This situation is not necessarily bad, in that the wheat crop is
abundant, families are practicing economy and reduction of expenses, and people are simply doing
without blockaded goods.
The Spectator, August 11, 1863, p. 2, c. 4:
"Treasury Notes."
Reports on the increasing reluctance of some individuals to accept
Confederate Treasury notes issued before December 1st, 1862. The article encourages the
holders of these notes to discount the actions of a few persons, "who ought to know better and
act more wisely," and to continue to use these notes in good faith and confidence.
The Spectator, August 18, 1863, p. 1, c. 5:
"Economy and Industry."
Calls for a return to frugality and industry amongst all Southerners.
In particular, the author urges the rich to set the example in these areas and thereby make it
fashionable to adopt these traits.
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 1, c. 5:
"Greed of Gain."
Calls on the populace to transcend their personal needs in support of the
common effort. The author reminds his countrymen that an individual's actions in the current
crisis will determine the judgement of future generations on this generation's character and
patriotism.
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 1, c. 7:
"For the Spectator."
Writer criticizes the "most prominent men, who ought to be the first to
sound the alarm," but who are in fact too busy "adding dollar to dollar."
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"Property Holders."
Calls on all members of the public to accept their share of the military
effort. The article singles out men of property and standing to set an example for the rest of the
populace in the current struggle.
The Vindicator, September 11, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"'Where Are All the Ladies . . .'"
These exchanges between the Augusta Constitutionalist,
the Mobile Advertiser, and the Savannah Republican discuss women's choice for dress material
and explain women's use of calico (cheaper, cooler) over homespun, which might be considered
more patriotic.
The Spectator, September 22, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"A Good Example"
An enthusiastic endorsement of the patriotic example of Mr. Jas. Lyle of
Augusta County, who chooses to sell his apples for one dollar a bushel to his neighbors rather
than sending them to distant markets and reaping six dollars a bushel.
The Spectator, October 27, 1863, p. 1, c. 7:
"The Reason."
Attributes the inflated prices of consumer goods to the desire of wealthy
individuals to possess merchandise regardless of the price requested.
The Spectator, November 3, 1863, p. 2, c. 3:
"'Economy in the use . . .'"
Given the logistics of their situation, the people of Virginia are
urged to forgo meat in an effort to sustain their military forces.
The Vindicator, November 13, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"A Bride Worth Having."
Lucy F. Roller, the daughter of a wealthy farmer in Rockingham
County, married recently. She made everything she wore, from her straw hat to her shoes to the
material for her dress and cloak. She was not compelled by poverty or necessity but by a desire to
demonstrate her independence, "showing the world how independent Southern girls are."
The Spectator, March 15, 1864, p. 2, c. 5:
"'Let our people plant early...'"
Chastises those who are not giving their excess harvests to the
army.
The Spectator, April 26, 1864, p. 2, c. 4:
"Valuable Receipts."
Prints recipe for a supper of bread, milk, and water.
The Spectator, May 3, 1864, p. 2, c. 4:
"Scarcity Of Supplies."
The Richmond Examiner suggests that farmers in Western Virginia
could spare more of their crops for the benefit of the army.
The Vindicator, September 9, 1864, p. 1, c. 7: "Bad Eggs and
Things."
Rather than complain about the lack of steak or about poor crop output, people in
the South can turn to other food sources that are readily available. This article notes the
availability of mushrooms, rats, frogs, and snails, items that are commonly consumed in other
parts of the world and that would alleviate the danger of people going hungry in the South.
Women
The Spectator, May 14, 1861, p. 2, c. 7:
"For the Spectator."
Writer supports secession based on the assumption that the goal of the
North is to steal Southern property and ravage Southern women.
The Spectator, June 18, 1861, p. 1, c. 2:
"Meeting of Ladies."
Announces a meeting of the women of Staunton to adopt a plan
for providing relief and comfort to sick soldiers.
The Spectator, July 16, 1861, p. 1, c. 2:
"From A Georgia Soldier."
A letter from the editor of the Central Georgian, a
Georgia soldier, to his paper regarding the exemplary treatment his regiment
received in Augusta County, especially from the women of Staunton.
The Spectator, August 20, 1861, p. 1, c. 1:
"Killed his Wife."
Mr. Randolph killed his wife in Middlebrook on August 17 when he
stabbed her in the
abdomen and the arm. He had previously been tried as a spy, and had stabbed Dr. McChesney
and shot Mr. Prubeck recently.
The Spectator, April 15, 1862, p. 1, c. 1:
"The Patriotic Ladies of Augusta."
Applauds the women of Augusta County for supporting
the war through their sewing, ministering to sick soldiers, and raising money so that the
Confederacy can build an iron-clad ship. Reprints a resolution in which the Confederate Congress
expresses its appreciation to the women of the Confederate states "for the energy, zeal and
untiring devotion" they have contributed to the Confederate cause.
The Spectator, October 14, 1862, p. 2, c. 6:
"For the Spectator."
Prints a letter in which "A Farmer" urges citizens to revive Soldier's Aid
Societies.
Staunton Spectator, December 16, 1862, p. 2, c. 3:
"Military Officers and "Foolish Girls.'"
Prints a letter from the Rockingham Register in which
a woman criticizes "foolish girls" who admire officers who are safely in town while many genuine
heroes are fighting in the field or suffering in the hospital.
Staunton Spectator, December 30, 1862, p. 1, c. 7:
"Wounded and Killed."
Comments on the grief felt by families and friends as they read the
lists of wounded and killed in the newspapers and find their own loved ones' names.
The Spectator, June 2, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"A Word in Season."
The Richmond Dispatch encourages women to embrace simplicity in
fashion and to buy nothing that is unnecessary.
The Spectator, August 11, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"The Industry of Southern Woman."
As part of a tribute to the industry of Southern women
and their efforts to support the war effort, this article comments on the willingness of Southern
women to work in the field and manufacture their own textiles.
The Spectator, August 11, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"The Ladies Forever."
Describes the prodigious efforts of the women of Greenville, who
have furnished the sick and wounded soldiers with large supplies of provisions. The article pays
tribute to women and declares that "This would be a poor world without the kind ministration of
the ladies."
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 1, c. 4:
"To the Soldiers of the Confederate States."
Reprints an appeal from Jefferson Davis for the
populace to redouble their efforts in fighting the war. This appeal describes the dire consequences
of failing in the war, and at the same time claims that victory is still attainable. President Davis
also calls on the women of the Confederacy to use their considerable influence to see that all men
return to their duty.
The Spectator, August 25, 1863, p. 1, c. 7:
"Woman."
Advises men looking for marriage partners to select a woman of strong sense
and notes that "weak minds are not capable of the loftiest grades of passion."
The Vindicator, September 11, 1863, p. 1, c. 6:
"'Where Are All the Ladies . . .'"
These exchanges between the Augusta Constitutionalist,
the Mobile Advertiser, and the Savannah Republican discuss women's choice for dress material
and explain women's use of calico (cheaper, cooler) over homespun, which might be considered
more patriotic.
The Spectator, September 29, 1863, p. 2, c. 4:
"The Valley and Its Ladies."
In a letter dated September 17, 1863, a correspondent only
identified as J. G. R., Capt. P.A.C.S., offers a flowery tribute to the patriotism and sacrifice
exemplified by the women of the Shenandoah Valley during the current conflict. He also calls
upon women both to use their influence on backsliders and to bolster the spirit of the populace in
the continuation of the war effort.
The Spectator, November 3, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"'The victory of Gen. Imboden . . .'"
The "Yankee forces" have been taking out the
frustration engendered by their recent defeat at the hands of Gen. Imboden on the women of the
Shenandoah Valley. In at least two occasions the army has punished women for their support of
the Confederacy.
The Vindicator, November 13, 1863, p. 2, c. 2:
"A Bride Worth Having."
Lucy F. Roller, the daughter of a wealthy farmer in Rockingham
County, married recently. She made everything she wore, from her straw hat to her shoes to the
material for her dress and cloak. She was not compelled by poverty or necessity but by a desire to
demonstrate her independence, "showing the world how independent Southern girls are."
The Spectator, March 8, 1864, p. 2, c. 5:
"For The Spectator."
R.D. Lilley thanks women of Staunton for sending socks and gloves to
his regiment.
The Spectator, March 29, 1864, p. 2, c. 4:
"A Wife!"
Explains to young men what they should look for in a wife.
The Spectator, April 5, 1864, p. 2, c. 5:
"Paragraph Matrimonial."
Compares women to china and fabric in explaining to young men
how they should go about picking a wife.
The Spectator, May 3, 1864, p. 2, c. 2:
"From The Blackwater."
Provides an account of a raid of black soldiers in Isle of Wight and
Nansemond counties. The article claims that the soldiers were turned loose and attacked
women.
The Vindicator, May 13, 1864, p. 2, c. 2:
"Our Wounded."
A large number of soldiers wounded in recent battles are in the hospital at
Staunton and have been well supplied by the women of the area with "little delicacies prepared for
them." The editor calls on readers to do what they can to ameliorate the soldiers' conditions and
especially asks persons living in rural areas to do their "patriotic and humane duty."
The Vindicator, September 9, 1864, p. 2, c. 3:
"Communicated."
Charles H. Harris, Assistant Surgeon in Charge of Field Infirmary,
Augusta County, writes to the ladies of New Hope and its vicinity to thank them for their "kind
attentions and invaluable services" rendered to wounded soldiers.
The Vindicator, January 6, 1865, p. 2, c. 4:
"Special Notice to the Ladies of the Valley."
Henry St. Leon, 2nd Company, Richmond
Howitzers, Cutshaw's Artillery Battalion, Army of the Valley, advertises that a soldier in the
Artillery of General Early's army, camped near Fishersville, wants to correspond with young
women in the Valley, "with a view to matrimony." He has been in the army since the beginning of
the war, has been in every battle his company has been engaged in, and has been wounded twice.
He is about 22 years old. For more information, interested parties should send full particulars
about themselves to Henry St. Leon.
The Vindicator, January 20, 1865, p. 2, c. 2:
"For the Vindicator."
J. S. Hoffman, of Pegram's Brigade, writes the ladies of the Churchville
soldiers' Aid Society on January 4, 1865, to thank them for the feast they prepared for his brigade.
He notes that the soldiers enjoyed the feast as much for what it was as for where it came from and
that the "patriotic kindness of the noble dames and beautiful damsels of Augusta shall not be
forgotten."
