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Augusta County : Politics

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Conventions

The Vindicator, September 16, 1859, p. 2, c. 6: "Virginia in the Councils of the National Democracy."
Beseeches Virginia Democrats to try to resolve factional differences within the Virginia Democratic party before the Charleston convention.

The Vindicator, October 14, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "The Duty of Democrats."
States that it is the duty of Democrats to see to it that unity prevails once again in the party at the Charleston Convention.

The Vindicator, March 23, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "The Charleston Convention."
Criticizes the hotel keepers of Charleston, who plan on raising the price of rooms by $5 a day during the Democratic National Convention.

The Vindicator, April 20, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Virginia a Unit."
The Vindicator presumes that "there is no doubt of the vote of Virginia at Charleston being cast as a unit."

The Vindicator, April 27, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Editorial Correspondence. Charleston, S. C., Ap. 21, '60."
Mr. Yost, editor of the Vindicator, discusses his trip to Charleston for the convention.

The Vindicator, May 4, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Editorial Correspondence. Charleston, May 1st, 1860."
Discusses the battles between supporters of Douglas and those of Yancey, as well as Virginia's position vis-a-vis both. Article also details the secession of some states' delegations from the convention.

The Spectator, May 8, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Trouble at C[h]arleston."
Report of the proceedings at the Democratic convention in Charleston, at which the party split over the question of slavery in the territories. The Spectator hopes that the question can be settled without disrupting the Union.

The Vindicator, May 11, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "The Charleston Convention."
"Our readers are aware that the Democratic National Convention, which convened in Charleston on the 23d of April, adjourned on the 3d of May, without making nominations, to meet in Baltimore on the 18th of June next." Yost particularly criticizes Yancey for splitting the Democratic party.

The Vindicator, May 18, 1860, p. 1, c. 3: "The Master-Spirit of the Charleston Secessionists."
Discusses the actions of the secession delegates from the Democratic convention.

The Vindicator, June 22, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "Democratic National Convention."
Discusses the first three days of the Baltimore convention and what the convention plans to do with the states that have competing delegations.

The Vindicator, June 29, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Seceders' Convention."
The seceders from the Democratic convention in Baltimore met and nominated Breckinridge and Lane.

The Spectator, May 15, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Convention and the Ticket."
The Spectator praises the selection of John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts as the presidential and vice-presidential nominees, respectively, of the Constitutional Union party. The paper pledges to devote itself to working toward their victory and expresses pride in the peacefulness and patriotism with which the party convention was conducted.

The Spectator, May 22, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "The Republican Nominees."
Argues that the nomination of Lincoln is a step backward for the Republican party, since Lincoln is widely viewed as a lightweight politician.

The Vindicator, May 25, 1860, p. 2, c. 5: "Chicago Convention."
The Republican convention, held at Chicago, nominated Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin. Lincoln is a formidable candidate, according to the Vindicator. Only the nomination of Judge Douglas by the Democrats can prevent Lincoln's election.

John Brown's Raid

The Spectator, October 18, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "Rumored Insurrection."
Announces that the Spectator has received telegraphed rumors of a slave insurrection at Harper's Ferry. Article provides almost no details. Spectator thinks that the rumors may be somewhat exaggerated, and that it was a rebellion at the armory, not a slave insurrection.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 1, c. 2: "The Battle of Black Jack."
Account of John Brown's Pottawotamie Raid, in Kansas in 1856, by one of the men who attempted to capture Brown. Argues that Brown is not brave, but treacherous.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "'Old Brown.'"
The Spectator apologizes for devoting so much space to John Brown and helping to contribute to his martyrdom. Calls for an impartial trial so that the North cannot martyr Brown.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "A Piece of Assurance."
Expresses anger over treatment of Harper's Ferry raid in Northern newspapers.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "Brown's Antecedents."
Refutes Northern claims that Brown went crazy as a result of his mistreatment in Kansas.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 1, c. 1: "'The Account of the Trial . . .'"
Directs the paper's readers to the account of the Brown trial.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Trial of the Harper's Ferry Conspirators."
Lengthy account of the Harper's Ferry trial.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "Arrest of Cook."
Cook, one of Brown's co-conspirators, was captured in Chambersburg and is awaiting extradition to Virginia. Article includes biographical sketch of Cook.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "Correspondence of the Conspirators."
Describes correspondence found in Brown's headquarters, including contributions from New England and Ohio.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "For the Spectator."
Excerpt of letter sent from Charlestown to the Baltimore American describing the faithfulness of the slaves, even in the face of the insurrection.

The Spectator, November 8, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "Result of the Trial."
Results of John Brown's trial.

The Spectator, November 8, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Opposition Convention of Virginia."
Harper's Ferry has increased political tensions, so Unionists, especially in the North, will be watching the opposition convention very closely.

The Spectator, November 8, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "Trial of the Conspirators."
More about the Harper's Ferry trial.

The Spectator, November 8, 1859, p. 2, c. 5: "Mrs. Child and the Insurgent Brown."
Exchange of letters between Lydia Maria Child and Gov. Wise of Virginia. Child wants a letter given to John Brown, and asks that she be allowed to come care for him.

The Spectator, November 8, 1859, p. 3, c. 1: "Cook and Fred Douglass."
Cook blames Frederick Douglass for the failure of Brown's mission at Harper's Ferry. Douglass replies that he never promised to take part in the Harper's Ferry insurrection.

The Spectator, November 8, 1859, p. 3, c. 1: "A Friend in Need to Old Brown."
Mrs. Lydia Child, the philanthropic and popular writer, asked Gov. Wise to allow her to care for John Brown. She is a staunch abolitionist, but she promised that she would not take advantage of the situation to help Brown escape.

The Spectator, November 8, 1859, p. 3, c. 1: "Threatening and Appealing Letters to Gov. Wise."
Gov. Wise of Virginia has received a number of threatening letters from abolitionists who threaten to kill him if he does not pardon John Brown.

The Vindicator, November 11, 1859, p. 2, c. 5: "A Warning Voice."
Letter from a Staunton man who seeks a "concert of action between the Union-loving men North and South" as the only means to avoid a sectional crisis.

The Spectator, November 22, 1859, p. 2, c. 2: "Military Movements."
The West Augusta Guard was briefly summoned to Charlestown on November 19 because of fears that some of Brown's supporters might attempt to help him escape.

The Spectator, November 22, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Excitement at Charlestown."
Series of dispatches from Harper's Ferry and Washington about possible insurrections stemming from John Brown.

The Spectator, November 22, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "Arrest of a Suspected Insurgent."
Details the arrest of another Harper's Ferry conspirator, Dr. William A. Palmer, in Memphis.

The Spectator, November 22, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "Northern Sentiment."
Report on Northern opinion of John Brown and raid, claiming that the majority of people are not so sympathetic as their leaders make them out to be.

The Spectator, November 22, 1859, p. 3, c. 1: "Excitement at Charlestown, VA."
Charlestown is still in an uproar after the Harper's Ferry raid because many of its inhabitants believe that some of Brown's men are still in the vicinity.

The Spectator, November 29, 1859, p. 1, c. 3: "Personal Portraits."
Sketches of the prosecuting attorneys and judge in the John Brown trial, as written by a correspondent for the New York Tribune.

The Spectator, November 29, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "Execution of Brown."
Criticizes an article in the Lockport Chronicle that advocated commuting Brown's death sentence.

The Spectator, November 29, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Charlestown Intelligence."
Letter from Charlestown describing the goings-on there, including Gov. Wise's visit, as well as various rumors and scares.

The Spectator, November 29, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "County Meeting."
Report of a meeting of Augusta County citizens held on November 28. The meeting adopted resolutions regarding Harper's Ferry and decried the "spilling of Virginia blood upon Virginia soil."

The Spectator, November 29, 1859, p. 2, c. 6: "Governor Wise Criticised by a Fellow-Democrat."
The Albany Argus criticized Gov. Wise for his handling of the Harper's Ferry raiders, arguing that he helped make them heroes.

The Spectator, November 29, 1859, p. 2, c. 6: " Visiters [sic] to the Execution."
A number of Northerners are expected to travel to Charlestown to see John Brown's execution. The Spectator urges Virginians to stay away.

The Spectator, November 29, 1859, p. 2, c. 6: "More Fanaticism."
The New York Observer deplored the reward offered for Giddings, one of Brown's men who escaped, that ran in the Richmond Whig. The paper argued that another manhunt would help "create a deeper hostility at the North against the South."

The Vindicator, December 2, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Meeting of Citizens."
Analyzes the meetings of both Staunton citizens and county residents that took place at the courthouse on Saturday night and on Monday, respectively. In these meetings, the citizens expressed their support for the actions of Gov. Wise in the Harper's Ferry crisis and promised to uphold the governor in any actions that he may think necessary "for the protection of Virginia's soil and Virginia's honor." These professions of support are "doubly significant" according to the Vindicator because they show that "the people of Virginia are divided by no party lines in reference to the late outrage against its sovereignty."

The Vindicator, December 2, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Capt. Harper's Speech."
The Vindicator editor was "peculiarly struck and interested" by Capt. Kenton Harper's speech, in which he acknowledged that the recent occurrences had shaken his confidence in the Union. "When such men and patriots as Kenton Harper express such views, the emergency must indeed be imminent."

The Vindicator, December 2, 1859, p. 2, c. 5: "Town Meeting."
Reports on the meeting of Staunton residents held on November 26 in response to the Harper's Ferry crisis. In the meeting, the citizens of Staunton resolved to continue to support the governor in his actions to protect the state and agreed to organize volunteer military companies. "[W]e are yet prepared to say to the non-slaveholding States, with the determination of freemen, thus far you have gone, but you shall go no farther!"

The Spectator, December 6, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "John Brown's Sympathizers."
Article about meetings of John Brown sympathizers in the North who emphasized his martyrdom.

The Spectator, December 6, 1859, p. 2, c. 2: "What South Carolina Says."
Excerpt from a Charleston Mercury article complaining about the deification of Brown, but praising the rise of sectionalism and disunion sentiment in Virginia.

The Spectator, December 6, 1859, p. 2, c. 5: "Visit of Mrs. Brown to Charlestown."
Lengthy description of Mrs. Brown's visit with her imprisoned husband.

The Spectator, December 6, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Execution of John Brown."
Official dispatch from Charleston describing the execution of John Brown.

The Spectator, December 6, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "To the Opposition Party of Virginia."
Report of a meeting of the state Opposition party, which hopes to find a basis for all "Union loving men" to form a conservative, pro-Union party. However, the meeting recommended postponing the party convention until February, as people might be unwilling to travel because of the upheaval surrounding Harper's Ferry.

The Spectator, December 6, 1859, p. 2, c. 5: "The Northern Pulpit on the Harper's Ferry Invasion."
Remarks on how few Northern ministers have been preaching in support of John Brown.

The Spectator, December 13, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "The Slavery Debates."
Report on congressional debates over slavery, inspired by both Harper's Ferry and Hinton Helper's Impending Crisis.

The Spectator, December 20, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "What Shall Virginia Do?"
Discusses Virginia's options in the wake of Harper's Ferry and obvious growing Northern abolitionism. Also questions what the Southern Opposition should do. The Spectator argues that, "In view of this state of affairs there seems to be but one course left for the South, and that is to adopt every peaceable measure of defense and protection within the Union and the Constitution, and when all these fail, to go out of the Union and fight for her rights."

The Spectator, December 20, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Execution at Charlestown."
Account of executions at Charlestown of Harper's Ferry conspirators.

The Vindicator, January 6, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "For the Vindicator."
The citizens of Mt. Solon agreed to form a volunteer company in reaction to the outrages at Harper's Ferry.

The Vindicator, February 3, 1860, p. 1, c. 7: "For the Vindicator. What Should be the Policy of the South towards Free Negroes?"
Argues that free blacks should not be poorly treated, since they are often loyal to the South. For instance, after the John Brown raid, free blacks in Staunton reportedly donated money to the volunteer militias.

The Spectator, February 7, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Democracy and Slavery."
Editorial argues that it is not surprising that John Brown believed many white Virginians would rally to his cause at Harper's Ferry. The Spectator blames the Democrats for accusing those who do not agree with them entirely as being disloyal to slavery and to the South. This gives the impression that Virginians are not united in their devotion to slavery and the South, and thus contributed to the fanaticism of John Brown and to the impression among other fanatics of the North that there is sympathy for the anti-slavery cause in Virginia.

Slavery, Free Labor, and Politics

The Vindicator, January 15, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "The Case of the 'Wanderer.'"
A vessel named the Wanderer was captured while landing a cargo of slaves in Georgia and South Carolina. Many planters support the reopening of the slave trade because they believe that there is a need for more slave labor in the South and in the new western territories. According to the Vindicator, "The most potent argument in its favor is, that we need negro labor."

The Vindicator, July 22, 1859, p. 2. c. 1: "The Slave Trade."
Argues that it's silly for one to support slavery in the South but denounce the slave trade. The Vindicator believes that the Christianization of Africans is the best thing for them. According to the paper, "...the change in the sentiment of the people has been so sure and speedy, that now, the world, with the exception of a few fanatics, has come to look upon the institution with leniency, and the people of the Southern States with affection and reverence."

The Vindicator, July 22, 1859, p. 2, c. 2: "Abstractions."
Slavery is not an abstraction, the article argues, and the issues arising from it should be taken very seriously.

The Vindicator, August 26, 1859, p. 2, c. 2: "The Staunton Vindicator and the African Slave Trade."
The Vindicator reprints an article that criticizes the paper as a rag sheet that won't stand up to defend the African slave trade.

The Spectator, September 13, 1859, p. 1, c. 6: "For the Spectator: Thoughts on the Renewal of the African Slave Trade."
Part one of a lengthy essay opposing reopening the African slave trade, which the writer argues is just a plot to split the Union. He blames non-slaveholders who wish to acquire slaves cheaply. He believes Virginia should oppose the reopening of the trade, especially since it would greatly lessen the value of the slaves already owned by Virginians.

The Spectator, September 20, 1859, p. 1, c. 6: "For the Spectator: Thoughts on the Renewal of the African Slave Trade."
Conclusion of the essay on the reopening of the slave trade.

The Spectator, October 11, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "Export of Slaves from Virginia."
Discusses the drain of slaves from Virginia and North Carolina to the cotton South. The editorial argues that this process is harmful to the border states because it is likely that each slave sold will be replaced by a white man, probably from the North and probably anti-slavery.

The Spectator, November 1, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "For the Spectator."
Excerpt of a letter sent from Charlestown to the Baltimore American describing the faithfulness of the slaves even in the face of the Harper's Ferry insurrection.

The Spectator, November 29, 1859, p. 2, c. 2: "Danger of Insurrection."
Mocks Northern press coverage of Southern fears of insurrection. Author claims that Southerners sleep soundly, secure in the knowledge that their slaves would not rise up against them. Also expresses confidence that slavery was ordained by God.

The Spectator, December 6, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "Freedom and Slavery."
The Spectator claims that slavery is good for blacks, and that they actually prefer it to freedom in the North. The article cites anecdotes, including a quote from Henry Ward Beecher, about the poor treatment freed slaves receive in the North. The paper argues that a slaveholder is the "best friend of the negro," because slaveowners and slaves are bound by "ties of genuine friendship and affection between whites and blacks."

The Spectator, December 13, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "The Slavery Debates."
Report on congressional debates over slavery, inspired by both Harper's Ferry and Hinton Helper's Impending Crisis.

The Spectator, January 10, 1860, p. 2, c. 5: "Hostile Legislation."
The New York Times argues that relatively few Northern states have adopted personal liberty laws.

The Spectator, January 17, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Northern Free Negroes and Southern Slaves."
Compares the conditions of free blacks and slaves and claims that slaves receive better treatment in the South than free blacks do in the North.

The Vindicator, January 20, 1860, p. 1, c. 7: "The Lesson of the Lawrence Massacre."
Reprinted article from the New York Herald that criticizes the factory owners of Lawrence, Massachusetts, for their callous disregard for the welfare of their workers, who they treat as "white slaves," even as these owners support abolitionism. The Herald argues that these workers are hardly "free."

The Vindicator, February 3, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Nullification of the Fugitive Slave Law."
Complains that three Northern states have passed personal liberty bills that virtually nullify the fugitive slave law. The Vindicator argues that such laws are a "flagrant violation of the Constitution."

The Spectator, April 17, 1860, p. 1, c. 6: "The Negro Fever."
Reports that, in Georgia, slaves are being sold quickly. In the Southwest, the demand is outstripping the supply, thus driving up prices and potentially producing a crisis situation.

The Vindicator, April 20, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Slavery in the Territories."
Discusses the pro-slavery laws passed by the New Mexico legislature. Writer argues that territorial legislatures have the power to pass laws either supporting or opposing slavery. The action of the legislature "was a practical declaration of 'Popular Sovereignty'--not 'Squatter Sovereignty'--and an illustration of the doctrine of non-intervention by Congress."

The Spectator, May 1, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "The Lemmon Slave Case."
Report of a lawsuit settled in New York, in which a Mrs. Lemmon of Virginia brought her slaves to New York en route to Texas. While in New York, the slaves were freed on the grounds that slavery is prohibited in New York. Mrs. Lemmon sued, arguing that she was entitled to her privileges and immunities as a citizen of Virginia even in other states. The New York court of appeals decided against Mrs. Lemmon and maintained that her slaves were indeed free.

The Spectator, May 8, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Trouble at C[h]arleston."
Report of the proceedings at the Democratic convention in Charleston, at which the party split over the question of slavery in the Territories. The Spectator hopes that the difficulty of the question can be settled without disrupting the Union.

The Vindicator, May 11, 1860, p. 2, c. 5: "The Territorial Question."
Provides a brief history of the key legislation dealing with slavery and the territories. The Vindicator expresses its hope that fanaticism on the question of slavery in the territories can be stamped out in both the North and the South, and the Union thus preserved.

The Vindicator, May 18, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "Methodist General Conference."
Discusses the recently adopted policy of the Methodist Episcopal Church on slavery. The Vindicator opposes the Church's intrusion into politics.

The Vindicator, June 22, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "The Romney (Va.) Intelligencer Tells . . .
Reprints a collection of several newspapers' reactions to a white man being beaten by a "party of negroes" while he pursued runaway slaves in Pennsylvania.

The Spectator, August 7, 1860, p. 2, c. 5: "Abolition."
Author criticizes those slave masters who allow their slaves to act as freemen and hire themselves out, or who allow their slaves to live in separate houses and work for themselves. The author calls on public officials to ferret out such masters and prosecute them for evading the slave laws.

The Vindicator, September 7, 1860, p. 3, c. 2: "For the Vindicator: Middlebrook, Va., Sept. 4th, '60."
A Breckinridge supporter explains his stand on slavery in the territories and argues that Douglas and his supporters have misrepresented Breckinridge's position on the issue.

The Vindicator, December 21, 1860, p. 1, c. 4: "Letter from South Carolina. Columbia, S. C., Dec. 3d, 1860."
Discusses life in South Carolina, including the need for slave labor. The author insists that few South Carolinians support the reopening of the slave trade.

The Vindicator, January 4, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "A Few Negro Women . . ."
Information about the hiring out of female slaves in Staunton.

The Vindicator, January 11, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "Desperate Negro Woman."
A slave woman belonging to Joseph Cline, who lives four miles from Staunton, chopped off three of her fingers to prevent her master from selling her.

The Spectator, January 22, 1861, p. 1, c. 5: "For the Spectator."
Writer advocates remaining in the Union as long as guarantees of Southern property rights can be granted by the federal government. If war comes, however, the writer feels that Virginia should join the Southern states.

The Vindicator, January 25, 1861, p. 2, c. 4: "We Notice in the Amelia County Correspondence . . ."
Mr. Berry of Augusta county was recently requested to leave Amelia County, where he was acting as a daguerreotypist. He was suspected of being "too familiar with slaves." The Vindicator claims that Berry is "sound on the negro question."

The Vindicator, February 22, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Look at the Figures."
Rejects the assertion of Mr. Moore, a delegate to the state secession convention from Rockbridge, that the Southern Confederacy wants to reopen the slave trade.

The Vindicator, March 29, 1861, p. 2, c. 5: "'Mr. Bennet, One of the Financial . . .'"
One of the financial officers of the state has called for a 20 cent per hundred dollar increase in taxes. According to the Vindicator, " If the policy of the submissionists is adopted, and Virginia becomes a part of the Northern Confederacy, her negroes will be transported South. This will remove one source of revenue, and then the taxes on lands, &c., will be doubled!"

The Vindicator, March 29, 1861, p. 2, c. 6: "'Col. Baldwin . . .'"
The Vindicator claims that Col. Baldwin made a fine speech, but his position is untenable. The paper argues that Virginia must decide whether it will go with the North or the South. If it goes with the North, Virginia must decide "what are we to do with our Negroes? Converted into pests and vampyres as they soon must be in such connexion, they will suck out the very lifeblood of the Commonwealth."

The Vindicator, March 29, 1861, p. 3, c. 4: "Land and Negroes for Sale."
Advertisement for nine slaves and a farm near Staunton.

The Spectator, April 2, 1861, p. 1, c. 6: "Policy of the Border States."
The article states that the interests of the border states are best served in the Union. It is in the Union that such issues as the return of fugitive slaves can best be addressed. Furthermore, the border states have concerns that the gulf states do not share, being disproportionately affected by such problems as fugitive slaves and the threat of war with the North.

The Vindicator, April 12, 1861, p. 1, c. 4: "Submission Is Ruin."
Reprinted article from the Richmond Dispatch that seeks to prove that slavery is an economically productive system for the South. The Dispatch argues that cheap immigrant labor serves the same purpose for the North that slave labor does for the South.

The Vindicator, April 12, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "The Alternative--North or South."
Argues that, if Virginia stays in the Union, slavery would ultimately be destroyed, with disastrous consequences for the "industrious white man" of Virginia.

Local/County/State Politics

The Vindicator, January 8, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "The 'Harmonious Opposition.'"
The Vindicator rejects the Spectator's characterization of the Opposition meeting on December 27th as "harmonious." In fact, according to the Vindicator, "the elements would not unite, and unity of sentiment did not prevail."

The Vindicator, January 8, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Opposition Meeting."
Minutes of the Opposition meeting on December 27th. In these minutes, the Opposition expresses their party's political beliefs.

The Vindicator, February 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "Opposition to Imposition."
Article praises the Democracy for its nationality and cheers the party for taking the Constitution as its guide; argues that the Democrats are only real national party and blasts elements of the Opposition.

The Vindicator, March 5, 1859, p. 2, c. 2: "Organize! Organize!"
Article entreats Democrats to organize against the Opposition. The party will hold meetings throughout the county on March 12 for the purpose of appointing delegates to the district convention. "[W]e have a lively hope and a distinct presentiment that old federal Augusta will yet be redeemed from Know Nothing rule."

The Vindicator, March 5, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "Democratic Meeting in Augusta."
A Democratic meeting in Augusta decided to send 100 delegates from Augusta County to the district convention in Harrisonburg on the 30th. The article is followed by a list of delegates from each city.

The Vindicator, March 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 2: "We Certainly Did Misunderstand. . ."
Ridicules the Spectator's past as a Know-Nothing paper.

The Vindicator, March 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "District Meeting."
A meeting of the Democrats of the fifth magisterial district convened in the Academy at Waynesboro on March 12 to select delegates and alternates to the Harrisonburg convention. The delegates and alternates are listed.

The Vindicator, March 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "Mt. Solon District Meeting."
The Democrats of the Mt. Solon district met on March 12 and chose delegates to the Harrisonburg convention. Article lists the men chosen.

The Vindicator, March 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "Mt. Sidney District Meeting."
The Democrats of the Mt. Sidney district met on March 12 and chose delegates to the Harrisonburg convention. Article lists the men chosen.

The Vindicator, March 19, 1859 p. 2, c. 4: "District Meeting."
The Democrats of the Greenville district met on March 12 and chose delegates to the Harrisonburg convention. Article lists the men chosen.

The Vindicator, March 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 5: "District Meeting."
The Democrats of precinct No. 2 met on March 12 and chose delegates to the Harrisonburg convention. Article lists the men chosen.

The Vindicator, March 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 5: "District No. 1."
The Democrats of magisterial district No. 1 met on March 12 and chose delegates to the Harrisonburg convention. Article lists the men chosen.

The Vindicator, March 26, 1859, p. 2, c. 5: "Middlebrook District Meeting."
The Democrats of the Middlebrook district met and chose delegates to the Harrisonburg convention. Article lists the men chosen.

The Vindicator, April 2, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "The Convention."
On March 30, the delegates from this district met in Harrisonburg to nominate a candidate for Congress. Staunton's J. H. Skinner received the greatest number of votes.

The Spectator, April 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 2: "For the Spectator."
Letter nominating Moorman, Walker and Sproul as Whig candidates for legislature. Writer calls for change and rejuvenation of the Whig party.

The Spectator, April 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 4: "For the Spectator."
Letter nominating Sproul, Walker and Kinney as the "Peoples Candidates" for the legislature. Author expresses disapproval of the "Staunton Junto."

The Vindicator, May 7, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "The Southern Opposition Party."
The Vindicator argues that the Virginia Opposition no longer supports the institutions of the South: "This party has assumed a dangerous and revolting aspect. In 1855, its . . . mysterious, anti-Republican secrecy, its religious intolerance and hatred of foreigners, were relieved by a profession, however shallow and insincere, of attachment of institutions to the South . . . . But now all this pretension is boldly thrown off, and the whole Virginia Opposition unblushingly avow themselves in favor of a 'coalition' with the Black Republicans of the North."

The Vindicator, May 14, 1859, p. 2, c. 1: "The Southern Opposition Party."
The Vindicator continues its denunciation of the Southern Opposition, criticizing the Opposition for belonging to the same party that opposes the rights of slaveholders in the new territories and that ignores the Dred Scott decision.

The Vindicator, August 5, 1859, p. 2, c. 3: "The Elective Franchise."
Criticizes the apathy of Virginia voters.

The Vindicator, August 19, 1859, p. 2, c. 2: "Our Neighbors of the 'Spectator' Deny . . ."
Disagrees with the Spectator's assertion that the Opposition does not want a "coalition with free-soilers and free-negroes."

The Vindicator, January 20, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "The Meeting on Monday the 23rd."
The Vindicator reminds Democrats of their duty to send delegates to a convention to "plank out the platform of principles upon which the Democracy of Virginia are to stand during the coming canvass." The key issue that they have to consider is whether or not southern slaveholders who move to the territories will have their property protected, as the Vindicator believes the Constitution provides.

The Vindicator, March 30, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Change of Proprietorship."
The Vindicator will now be under the sole control of Mr. Samuel Yost. It will remain a Democratic paper.

The Vindicator, April 6, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "A Word to Democrats."
Encourages local Democrats to exert themselves in extending the subscription base of the Vindicator during the upcoming campaign. The paper asks that "every man who feels an interest in the triumph of our cause, and the healthy and profitable existence of a Democratic organ in 'Old Federal Augusta,' procure an additional name."

The Spectator, May 15, 1860, p. 3, c. 1: "To Song Makers."
The Spectator lists words that rhyme with Bell, for those who are writing songs in support of John Bell's candidacy.

The Spectator, May 29, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "'The Undersigned Have Sold . . .'"
Joseph Waddell and L. Waddell, Jr., the editors of the Spectator, relinquish control of the paper to Richard Mauzy, Esq. The old editors lament the passing of the Whig party and the rise of the Republicans, and hope that patriotism will prevail. They bid farewell to the town they have served.

The Spectator, July 17, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "The Prospect in Virginia."
The Spectator argues that the Constitutional Unionists can seize control of Virginia, which is ripe for the picking. The Democrats should be overthrown. Former Whigs who have been locked out of office for so long by the Democrats in power will emerge victorious. The paper urges people to rally behind the Constitutional Unionists.

The Vindicator, July 20, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "War Proclaimed."
The Vindicator is upset that local Breckinridge supporters have called a meeting to appoint delegates to the convention in Charlottesville, and it complains that local Breckinridge men are being disloyal to the party.

The Spectator, July 24, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Democratic Meetings."
Report of meetings held by both wings of the Democratic party at the Staunton courthouse, one endorsing the secessionists and nominating delegates to the convention to be held at Charlottesville, the other endorsing the regular Democrats and nominating delegates to the convention to be held in Staunton.

The Vindicator, July 27, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "The Meeting on Monday."
Discussion of the local meetings of the two factions of the Democratic party.

The Vindicator, July 27, 1860, p. 2, c. 7: "Democratic Meeting."
Minutes of the meeting of Breckinridge supporters in Augusta. Includes names of the 50 delegates appointed to go to the Charlottesville convention.

The Spectator, August 21, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Douglas Convention."
The Spectator praises the Douglas Democrats as "men of spirit and backbone" who scorn the idea of affiliating with Breckinridge Democrats in any way. The paper is proud to have Staunton be host to a convention of such Union-loving patriotic men.

The Vindicator, September 7, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Judge Douglas in Staunton! Grand Reception! The Masses in Motion!!! One Hundred Guns Fired! !"
On Saturday, Douglas came to speak to the "largest audience we have ever seen congregated in Staunton." Gen. Harman introduced him to the crowd. The text of Harman's introduction and Douglas's speech are included. Douglas stayed with M. G. Harman until he left Sunday night.

The Spectator, September 25, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Democratic Discussion on Tuesday Night Last."
Account of a contentious meeting held at the county courthouse with members of both factions of the Democratic party.

The Vindicator, October 5, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Hon. Wm. L. Yancey."
Yancey delivered a speech to between two and three hundred persons, in the armory building of Staunton, on the previous Wednesday evening. The Vindicator was unimpressed, and believes that he was "disingenuous and evasive."

The Spectator, October 23, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "To the Union Party of Augusta."
The Spectator congratulates the people of Staunton for turning out for the Union rally despite the stormy weather.

The Vindicator, November 9, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Union Is in Danger! Mass Meeting of the People of Augusta."
A mass meeting to preserve the Union will be held in Staunton. Article includes the names of men who signed a petition in support of the rally.

The Spectator, December 11, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Nothing to Regret."
Editorial argues that those who voted for the Union ticket in the last election have nothing to be ashamed of, and that a conservative force is needed now more than ever to save the country.

The Vindicator, December 21, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Disunion from a Love of Disunion--Disunion by Reason of a Failure to Correct the Breaches of the Constitution."
The Vindicator distinguishes between disunionists who want secession because they believe that the South would be better off on its own, and disunionists who support the Union, but will leave it if the North fails to protect Southern interests and Southern property. The Vindicator puts itself in the latter category, one of the first times that the paper has embraced any type of disunion sentiment.

The Vindicator, January 4, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Seventeenth Volume."
The Vindicator commences its seventeenth year in existence with this issue. It has always been loyal to the Democratic party, but it is very disturbed by the party's defeat in the 1860 election. The editors believe that elections have become contests between the sections, not the parties, and the North refuses to listen to the South's concerns. As a result, the Vindicator's primary loyalty can no longer be to the party, but must be to Virginia and the South.

The Vindicator, January 4, 1861, p. 2, c. 5: "Meeting of the Legislature."
The Virginia legislature will meet in an extra session on January 7th. Its first duties will be to call a state convention and take steps to arm the state.

The Spectator, January 8, 1861, p. 1, c. 6: "Western Virginia."
The Alexandria Gazette outlines the conflicting interests of western Virginia and the eastern portions of the state, including unequal legislative representation and taxation discrepancies.

The Vindicator, January 11, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "He Is In favor . . ."
The Vindicator disagrees with the Spectator's assertion that the majority of Augusta voters oppose the plan to hold a State Convention.

The Spectator, January 15, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Convention and Secession."
Reports that the Virginia legislature has called for the election of a convention to respond to the secession crisis in South Carolina. This state convention will debate the possible secession of Virginia. The Spectator calls for the citizens to vote for pro-union representatives because "men tainted with the principles of secession would not represent the sentiment of our people."

The Vindicator, January 18, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "'A Crazy Legislature.'"
The Vindicator criticizes the Spectator for its "very silly and indelicate article under the above caption." The Vindicator believes that the call for a convention will prevent war, not precipitate it.

The Vindicator, January 18, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "Candidates for Convention."
Lists the men who have announced their candidacy for the state convention. The Vindicator highly recommends Messrs. Harman and Imboden.

The Spectator, January 22, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "To the People of Augusta County."
Alexander H. H. Stuart, a candidate for delegate to the state convention, attempts to persuade readers of the disastrous consequences of secession (mostly economic) and believes that Southern grievances can best be addressed within the Union.

The Vindicator, January 25, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Wednesday Night."
Various candidates for the convention addressed the people of Staunton on Wednesday night. After the candidates had finished, a call went up for J. H. Skinner. He made some "stunning and forcible" remarks, but some men attempted to make him stop speaking. The Vindicator strongly opposed this attempt at a gag rule.

The Vindicator, January 25, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "Speaking at Mt. Sidney."
Report of the meeting between voters and candidates at Mt. Sidney. The Vindicator believes that Gen. Harman and Capt. Imboden took excellent positions, while the other speakers refused to recognize that the Union could not be preserved since it had already been dissolved.

The Spectator, January 29, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "False Friends."
Points out that the Democratic papers oppose language in the state convention bill that will subject the decisions of the convention to popular vote.

The Spectator, February 5, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Our Subscription List."
Reports that the Spectator subscription list is growing at "an encouraging and satisfactory ratio." The article attributes this to the opinions taken by the paper with regard to its "patriotic cause."

The Vindicator, February 8, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Why It Was So."
Argues that the pro-Union results in the recent election for delegates to the state convention show that "there was a wide spread panic in this county--that the people were under the impression . . . that they were voting upon a question of peace or war."

The Vindicator, February 8, 1861, p. 2, c. 7: "For the Vindicator: 'Some of the Supporters of Judge Douglas.'"
Denies the Spectator's assertion that Douglas supporters have allied with the secession men and accuses the Spectator of deserting the South.

The Vindicator, February 15, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "The Spectator."
Argues that the Spectator's opinions do not reflect the popular sentiments of the county. While the candidates the Spectator supported won the recent election, "no line of policy that either of them [Baldwin and Stuart] indicated as pertinent to be adopted by the Convention now in session was either discussed or endorsed by that paper."

The Spectator, February 26, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Equal Taxation--Let Justice Be Done."
Appeals to the Convention to remedy the problem of unequal taxation, which favors the planters of eastern Virginia and penalizes the citizens of the west.

The Vindicator, March 1, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "The Convention."
Complains that the state convention has accomplished nothing, but is costing the taxpayers a great deal of money. The Vindicator argues that "as honorable men, it is their duty to adjourn at once, and relieve the people of the burden of the expenses which daily accumulate during its sessions."

The Spectator, March 5, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Speeches of Col. Baylor."
In praise of unionism, the article calls readers' attention to the speech of Col. Baylor at the convention attacking the "fiery dragon of secession."

The Spectator, March 5, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Hunter and Mason."
Reports that Hunter and Mason, Virginia's senators, rejected the settlement proposed by the Peace Conference. The article states that the senators ignored the desires of the citizens of Virginia and are cooperating to achieve disunion.

The Vindicator, March 8, 1861, p. 2, c. 5: "'The Spectator Attempts . . .'"
Disagrees with the Spectator's criticisms of Mr. Mason and Mr. Hunter and argues that these men accurately represented the sentiment of Virginia when they opposed the report of the peace conference.

The Vindicator, March 8, 1861, p. 2, c. 5: "'Judge Jno. W. Brockenbrough . . . '"
Judge Brockenbrough, a commissioner to the peace conference, spoke briefly to the Vindicator editor and expressed his belief that "there was very little hope of an adjustment of our national difficulties."

The Spectator, March 12, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "The Chief Object--The Preservation of the Union."
Another installment in a series of articles which use the writings in The Federalist Papers to argue that the Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation principally to ensure the preservation of the Union.

The Vindicator, March 15, 1861, p. 3, c. 1: "The Spectator and Coercion."
Letter to the editor in which the writer argues against the Spectator's interpretation of the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation.

The Vindicator, March 15, 1861, p. 3, c. 1: "Who's Afraid?"
The Vindicator supports the proposition that the people of Virginia should be allowed to vote to determine whether Virginia should secede.

The Spectator, March 19, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Reference to the People."
The Spectator charges the Vindicator with switching positions, having before the call of the state convention been opposed to holding a popular vote. Now that the convention has expressed unionist sentiments, the Vindicator wants the convention's dictates put to popular vote.

The Vindicator, March 22, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Meeting on Monday Next."
Reminds local Democrats that a meeting will be held to appoint delegates to the congressional convention in Harrisonburg. The Vindicator argues that the election in May will be a contest between state rights and federalism.

The Spectator, March 26, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "The 'Vindicator,' Having Changed . . ."
The Spectator defends itself against charges of Black Republicanism made by the Vindicator. The Spectator charges the Vindicator with switching positions since the presidential election, when the Vindicator endorsed Douglas.

The Vindicator, March 29, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "Judge John W. Brockenbrough."
Judge Brockenbrough gave a brief impromptu speech to the citizens of Staunton. He stated that all efforts to assure the South of its constitutional rights have failed. As a result, he claimed that he "saw no other course for Virginia to pursue with honor, than to immediately separate from the Northern States."

The Spectator, April 2, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "The Fruits of Secession Agitation."
Charges that secession agitation has caused property values to fall and taxes to rise. The article asks how much taxes would rise if Virginia seceded if the mere dim prospect of secession causes a fifty percent increase.

The Vindicator, April 5, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "This District."
The Vindicator argues that the key issue in the next Congressional election is whether the destiny of Virginia lies with the hostile North or the "sister States of the South." The paper criticizes Mr. Harris and the Spectator for their submissionist views.

The Spectator, April 23, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Glorious 'Old Augusta.'"
Praises the steadfast efforts of Virginia to negotiate a settlement in the Union, but, now that Lincoln has issued a call for troops and peace has failed, the article indicates that it has become appropriate for Virginians to abandon their quest for peace and fight for the Commonwealth.

The Vindicator, April 26, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "A Solemn Duty."
Rejects the Spectator's assertion that the Union party has followed the correct policy on the question of secession. The Vindicator argues that Southerners shouldn't follow partisan paths now that they are confronted with the dangers of Northern invasion.

The Spectator, April 30, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "How Virginia Was United."
Article reproaches those who blame the Union men for the current state of war because they resisted immediate secession. The article says that by attempting to compromise, Union men forced Lincoln to develop a policy that united all Virginians in opposition. If secession had occurred before compromise efforts were exhausted, there would have been parties in Virginia discontented with such an action.

The Spectator, May 7, 1861, p. 1, c. 5: "Virginia, God Bless Her!"
Praises Virginia's commitment to fight the tyranny of Lincoln.

The Spectator, May 7, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Stand United."
Urges Virginians to remain united against Lincoln in spite of their political disagreements.

The Vindicator, May 17, 1861, p. 1, c. 3: "The Ordinance of Freedom."
Urges Augusta voters to support the "Ordinance of Secession" in the vote on the fourth Thursday of the month.

The Vindicator, May 17, 1861, p. 1, c. 4: "Beware."
Warns that any voter who votes against secession in the upcoming election is an "enemy of Virginia."

The Vindicator, May 17, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Hon. A.H.H. Stuart's Position."
Lengthy letter from A. H. H. Stuart in which he states that the time has come to support the Ordinance of Secession, even though he has long advocated a pro-Union position.

The Spectator, May 21, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "'The New York Express says . . .'"
Notes that the New York Express wrongly reported that A. H. H. Stuart was compelled to flee Virginia.

The Vindicator, May 24, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "The Election."
Augusta County overwhelmingly supported the Ordinance of Secession in the recent election--only ten of the thirty-five hundred votes were cast against ratification.

The Spectator, May 28, 1861, p. 2, c. 7: "For the Spectator: The Union Party of Virginia."
Claims that the Union party is not dead, but has been forced to accept secession by a president insensitive to the needs of the South.

The Vindicator, June 7, 1861, p. 1, c. 3: "Condition of the N.W. Border."
Lengthy article about the present conditions in northwestern Virginia, where many voters opposed the Ordinance of Ratification.

1860 Presidential Election

The Spectator, January 31, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "The Power of the Democratic Party."
The Baltimore American severely criticizes a "Southern Democratic journal" for arguing that the Democratic Party is the only viable protector of Southern interests in politics. In reality, the editorial claims, the Republicans rose to power under the watch of a Democratic administration and the Democrats are partially to blame for the lack of checks against Republican growth.

The Spectator, February 28, 1860, p. 1, c. 3: "The Constitutional Union Party--Address of the National Central Executive Committee."
Introductory address of the Constitutional Union Party, an alternative to the two main parties that is dedicated to the preservation of Union.

The Spectator, March 6, 1860, p. 1, c. 5: "Address of the Opposition State Convention."
Outlines the positions of the Opposition Party, which calls for opposition to both the Democratic and Republican Parties. The Opposition promises to work with reasonable men of the North within the bounds set forth by the Constitution to save the Union.

The Spectator, March 6, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Opposition Movement."
Editorial praises the activities and positions of the Opposition Party, which embodies the patriotic and conservative Whig principles best suited to save the Union according to the Spectator.

The Vindicator, March 16, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Mr. Douglas' Speech."
The Vindicator prints a speech by Douglas that it believes is "a masterly vindication of Democratic principles and Democratic integrity."

The Vindicator, April 6, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "The Presidency."
Argues that the Opposition will make all issues "subsidiary to the all-engrossing one of opposition to the Democratic party and the interest and institutions of the South." Article details the breakdown of electoral votes by section.

The Spectator, April 10, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Presidential Election."
The Spectator makes predictions about the upcoming presidential election and states that, given the balance of power between the two major parties, the Constitutional Union party could draw some states away from the Republicans. This might ultimately throw the election into the House of Representatives, thus precluding a Republican victory.

The Spectator, May 15, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Convention and the Ticket."
The Spectator praises the selection of John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts as the Presidential and Vice-Presidential nominees, respectively, of the Constitutional Union party, and devotes itself to working toward their victory. Expresses pride in the peacefulness and patriotism with which the party convention was conducted.

The Vindicator, May 25, 1860, p. 2, c. 5: "Chicago Convention."
The Republican Convention, held at Chicago, nominated Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin. Lincoln is a formidable candidate, according to the Vindicator. Only the nomination of Judge Douglas by the Democrats can prevent Lincoln's election.

The Vindicator, May 25, 1860, p. 2, c. 6: "'Election Day Was Signalized . . .'"
Election day was marked by the usual number of fights and drunken men.

The Vindicator, June 8, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "We Publish Elsewhere . . ."
The Vindicator defends Douglas and his position on "squatter sovereignty" against the charges made by a letter to the editor from a Breckinridge supporter.

The Vindicator, June 8, 1860, p. 3, c. 1: "For the Vindicator."
A Breckinridge supporter denies that the opponents of "squatter sovereignty" disrupted the Charleston convention and gives his reasons why he opposes Douglas.

The Vindicator, July 6, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Our Position."
The Vindicator endorses Stephen Douglas and gives its reasons for its position.

The Vindicator, July 6, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "A Suggestion."
The Vindicator bemoans the split in the Democratic party and supports a compromise: "if Douglas receives more Electoral votes outside of Virginia than Breckinridge, the vote of Virginia be cast for him, and if Breckinridge receives more Electoral votes outside of Virginia than Douglas, then the vote be cast for him."

The Vindicator, July 13, 1860, p. 2, c. 5: "State Convention."
The State Executive Committee met in Richmond on the evening of the 10th and by a vote of five to four, determined to call a Convention to meet in Charlottesville on the 16th of August. The Vindicator doesn't support this convention because it will lead to "strife, contention and disruption."

The Spectator, July 17, 1860, p. 2 , c. 1: "The Duty of Democrats to Support the Union Ticket."
The Spectator argues that Democratic voters who are truly for the South and the Union have a duty to vote for Constitutional Union candidates. The paper believes that voting for Douglas is treason to the South, while voting for Breckinridge is treason to the Union.

The Vindicator, July 27, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "The Meeting on Monday."
Discussion of the local meetings of the two factions of the Democratic party.

The Vindicator, July 27, 1860, p. 3, c. 1: "Western Virginia."
Letter written by M. A. K. of Augusta County, travelling in western Virginia. He says that the lawyers and politicians are for Breckinridge, but the people are for Douglas.

The Spectator, July 31, 1860, p. 1, c. 5: "The Four Great Parties--Their Relative Position and Policy."
Extremely lengthy editorial reflecting on the presidential election and suggesting that the main goal of the Constitutional Union party is to defeat the Republicans. The Spectator calls on Douglas supporters to win as many states as they can, but if they cannot win a state, to be sure not to give the state over to Breckinridge or Lincoln.

The Vindicator, August 3, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Black Republican Flag . . ."
The Republican flag at Ocoquan, Prince William, has been cut down. The Vindicator endorses running out of Virginia those that raised the flag initially.

The Vindicator, August 3, 1860, p. 2, c. 5: "The Politicians and the People."
Editorial claiming that the people will teach the Seceders a lesson in the election, namely that the people want Union and Douglas.

The Spectator, August 28, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Union or Disunion--That Is the Question"
Criticizes sectionalists like Yancey and argues that the Union and its preservation should be first and foremost in the minds of all voters. The Spectator urges voters to work against the Breckinridge faction of the Democratic party even if they decide not to vote for Bell.

The Spectator, September 18, 1860, p. 1, c. 4: "Bell and Everett Are the Men."
Song written by William Hayward in support of Bell and Everett.

The Vindicator, October 5, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "An Unjust Prejudice."
Addresses the possibility of Lincoln's election and what that would mean for the South.

The Spectator, October 23, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "Are You Ready?"
Editorial about the upcoming election, urging people to vote for the Union and to stave off the horror of a national crisis. Urges voters to put aside party devotions for the sake of the nation.

The Spectator, October 23, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "Nothing to Dread from Lincoln."
Editorial claiming that, even if Lincoln should win and should want to commit an act of aggression against the South, he could not do so because of the protections of the Congress and the Supreme Court.

The Vindicator, October 26, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "The Beginning of the End--The Fate of the Seceders."
Editorial accuses Breckinridge and the Secessionists of giving Lincoln the presidency and accuses Yancey of being a hypocrite.

The Vindicator, November 2, 1860, p. 1, c. 4: "Secession Democracy Is Resolved . . ."
Warns Democrats to look out for spurious tickets.

The Vindicator, November 2, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Once More to the Breach! Rally for the Constitution!! Boom On Old Gun!!"
Encourages Democrats by urging them that "A little work--active exertions, will redeem Virginia from the suspicion of Disunion, and Douglas and the Constitution will triumph over Whiggery, Know Nothingism, Congressional Slave Codes, and every species of heresy and treachery."

The Vindicator, November 9, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "The Contest Closed."
Lincoln has been elected, and the Vindicator blames the "folly of the South" for his victory.

The Spectator, November 13, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Though Lincoln is elected, there is no danger."
Spectator regrets to inform its readers that the forces of sectionalism triumphed in the election with Lincoln's victory, but feels confident that the South can protect its own interests through the other branches of government, which it still controls. It counsels against secession, which would place the South in unnecessary danger by effectively turning all power over to the Republicans.

The Spectator, November 13, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Augusta County, by District."
Spectator prints election returns by precinct for Augusta and claims that Augusta's strong Bell vote allows it to be very proud despite national defeat. Final vote tally for the county is 2553 for Bell, 1094 for Douglas, 218 for Beckinridge.

The Spectator, December 11, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Nothing to Regret."
Editorial arguing that those who supported and voted for the Union ticket have nothing to be ashamed of, and that a conservative force is needed now more than ever to save the country.

The Vindicator, March 1, 1861, p. 1, c. 5: "Mr. Lincoln and His Friends."
Reprinted article from the New York Express that claims that the Union men of Illinois, who know Lincoln well, believe that he is too incompetent to be president. Article claims that "The election of such a man at such a crisis is undoubtedly the greatest evil that has ever befallen this country."

1860-61 Sectional Crisis

The Vindicator, January 13, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Homespun Movement."
The Vindicator urges Southerners to fight against abolitionist outrages by refusing to buy Northern goods. The paper believes that "By such a policy, the Union will be perpetuated, and the immense resources of the South built up."

The Spectator, January 17, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Fighting for the Union."
Editorial argues that secession would be a foolish way to remedy Southern grievances and praises congressmen of both parties who are attempting to preserve the Union.

The Vindicator, January 20, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "The Meeting on Monday the 23rd."
The Vindicator reminds Democrats of their duty to send delegates to a convention to "plank out the platform of principles upon which the Democracy of Virginia are to stand during the coming canvass." The key issue that they have to consider is whether or not Southern slaveholders who move to the territories will have their property protected, as the Constitution provides.

The Spectator, January 24, 1860, p. 2, c. 6: "Letter of Dr. Breckinridge."
Summarizes letter of Rev. Robert J. Breckinridge to his nephew, Vice-President John C. Breckinridge, in which he rejects the right to secede and calls on the border states to rally to the Union.

The Spectator, January 31, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "State of the Country."
Praises the letter of Rev. Dr. Breckinridge to his nephew, the vice-president, in which Dr. Breckinridge argues that disunion is a cause of national calamities rather than a solution to them. The Spectator agrees with Rev. Dr. Breckinridge and argues that, as a border state, Virginia stands to lose more in the event of disunion than do most states.

The Vindicator, February 10, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "The Southern Conference."
Urges Virginia to participate in the Southern conference and denies that the conference "is intended to be a preparatory step to going out of the Union."

The Spectator, February 28, 1860, p. 1, c. 3: "The Constitutional Union Party--Address of the National Central Executive Committee."
Introductory address of the Constitutional Union party, an alternative to the two main parties that is dedicated to the preservation of Union.

The Vindicator, March 2, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Non-Intercourse with the North."
The Vindicator supports a bill pending before the Legislature of Virginia that would discourage consumption of Northern goods and thus pressure Northerners to stop supporting abolitionists.

The Spectator, March 6, 1860, p. 1, c. 5: "Address of the Opposition State Convention."
Outlines the positions of the Opposition party, which calls for opposition to both the Democratic and Republican parties. The Opposition promises to work with reasonable men of the North within the bounds set forth by the Constitution to save the Union.

The Spectator, March 6, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Opposition Movement."
Editorial praises the activities and positions of the Opposition party, which embodies the patriotic and conservative Whig principles best suited to save the Union according to the Spectator.

The Vindicator, April 20, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Slavery in the Territories."
Discusses the pro-slavery laws passed by the New Mexico Legislature. Writer argues that territorial legislatures have the power to pass laws either supporting or opposing slavery. The action of the legislature "was a practical declaration of 'Popular Sovereignty'--not 'Squatter Sovereignty'--and an illustration of the doctrine of non-intervention by Congress."

The Vindicator, October 26, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Secession and its Consequences."
The Vindicator argues that "the act of the secessionists is suicidal to the best interests of the South, incompatible with the existence of a national Democratic party, and tending to the disruption of the Union itself."

The Spectator, November 13, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Though Lincoln Is Elected, There Is No Danger."
The Spectator regrets to inform its readers that the forces of sectionalism triumphed in the election with Lincoln's victory. However, the editors feel confident that the South can protect its own interests through the other branches of government, which it still controls. It counsels against secession, which would place the South in unnecessary danger by effectively turning all power over to the Republicans.

The Vindicator, November 16, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "The Meeting To-Morrow."
The Vindicator argues that "the meeting called to-morrow is premature. We should await any demonstration counter to disunion until we see something tangible to strike at."

The Vindicator, November 16, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Sound Advice."
The Richmond Whig encourages Virginians to not act in haste now that Lincoln has been elected.

The Vindicator, November 23, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "The Crisis--National Convention."
Criticizes the Breckinridge papers in the state for calling for a Southern convention. Such a convention can only inflame sectional passions, not solve the South's complaints against the North.

The Vindicator, November 23, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "Where Are Our Statesmen?"
Complains that no Virginia statesmen, except for Letcher, have come forward to help solve the current crisis.

The Spectator, November 27, 1860, p. 2, c. 1: "Treasonable Desertion."
The Spectator believes that senators who abandon their positions in the Senate ought to be treated as soldiers who desert the army--that is, as traitors.

The Vindicator, November 30, 1860, p. 2, c. 4: "Virginia and South Carolina."
Criticizes the Alexandria Sentinel for suggesting that Virginia should apologize to South Carolina for not supporting her call for a Southern convention last winter.

The Vindicator, December 7, 1860, p. 1, c. 3: "Why Are Our Southern Friends . . ."
Wonders why Southerners are worried about Lincoln when Mary Lincoln is such a friend of slavery.

The Spectator, December 11, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Nothing to Regret."
Editorial argues that those who supported and voted for the Union ticket have nothing to be ashamed of, and that a conservative force is needed now more than ever to save the country.

The Spectator, December 11, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "They Know Not What to Do."
Editorial claims that the people are looking to Congress to find a way out of the peril in which the Union now stands, but it seems that there is no one in that body who has any idea how to find a solution.

The Vindicator, December 14, 1860, p. 2, c. 3: "Manifest Destiny."
Looks to ancient history and the wisdom of the founding fathers to explain the current political crisis.

The Vindicator, December 21, 1860, p. 2, c. 2: "Border State Convention."
The Vindicator is pleased that many newspapers support its proposal for a convention of the Border States. The paper believes that "A Border State Convention is the most feasible idea upon which the Union can be reconstructed, the forms of republican government preserved, and the growth, power and prosperity of our country secured."

The Spectator, January 1, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "The Richmond 'Enquirer' Advises . . ."
The Richmond Enquirer urges Maryland and Virginia to seize the District of Columbia to prevent Lincoln's inauguration.

The Vindicator, January 4, 1861, p. 2, c. 5: "Meeting of the Legislature."
The Virginia Legislature will meet in an extra session on January 7th. Its first duties will be to call a state Convention and take steps to arm the state.

The Spectator, January 8, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "We Have Not Seen It Adverted to . . ."
Notes that South Carolina does not intend to put the ordinance of Secession to a vote of the people and relegates the responsibility of being "dragged to ruin" not to the people of South Carolina but to a few "fanatic aristocrats."

The Spectator, January 22, 1861, p. 1, c. 3: "God Save Our Noble Union."
A poem extolling the virtues of the Union.

The Spectator, January 22, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "To the People of Augusta County."
Alexander H. H. Stuart tries to persuade readers of the disastrous consequences of secession (mostly economic) and believes that Southern grievances can best be addressed within the Union.

The Spectator, February 5, 1861, p. 3, c. 1: "To Be Dragged."
Article admonishes South Carolina for "applying the spur" to force Virginia out of the Union. Cited are South Carolina's declaration that secession is final along with her rejection of the Virginia resolutions and her intention to force a collision at Fort Sumpter.

The Vindicator, February 8, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Why It Was So."
Argues that the results of the election of delegates to the state convention show that "there was a wide spread panic in this county--that the people were under the impression . . . that they were voting upon a question of peace or war."

The Vindicator, February 8, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "What Can Virginia Do?"
It appears that a majority of "Union" candidates have been elected over their "Secession" opponents in the delegate races. Article points out that "Union man" has a very different meaning in Virginia than it does in the North. Virginia Union men will not quietly submit to the rule of the Black Republicans.

The Vindicator, February 8, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "We Call the Attention . . ."
The Vindicator calls the attention of the editor of the Spectator to a letter signed "Augusta" in today's paper. The paper argues that "the friends of Judge Douglas can never be seduced into the embrace of any Delilah in the shape of the Whig party."

The Spectator, February 12, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "The 'Harm' We Are Doing."
In response to criticism that the Spectator is doing more harm than any other state paper, the Spectator says it will accept this taunt as a compliment because the damage is done only to the cause of disunion.

The Vindicator, February 22, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Party Complexion."
Criticizes the Whigs, who have made the state convention into a party vehicle.

The Vindicator, February 22, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "The Position of Virginia"
States that two delegates to the State Convention have expressed the view of the Vindicator--that "Virginia will be forced to separate from the Northern States, if security, ample and comprehensive, is not given for the future."

The Vindicator, March 1, 1861, p. 1, c. 5: "Mr. Lincoln and His Friends."
Reprinted article from the New York Express that claims that the Union men of Illinois, who know Lincoln well, believe that he is too incompetent to be President. Article claims that "The election of such a man at such a crisis is undoubtedly the greatest evil that has ever befallen this country."

The Vindicator, March 1, 1861, p. 2, c. 4: "The Main Question."
Argues that the question which threatens to plunge the country into civil war will soon be answered: will the Lincoln administration adopt a policy of coercion or will it recognize secession.

The Spectator, March 12, 1861, p. 2, c. 3: "Lincoln's Inaugural."
Provides a reaction to Lincoln's inaugural address. The author understands that it is Lincoln's sworn duty to uphold the laws of the country, but he regrets that Lincoln did not call for a national convention in order to provide a legal outlet for the seceded states to relieve the president of his duty and thus avert war. The article indicates uncertainty over whether the president intends to enforce the laws up to the point of force or if he intends to precipitate armed conflict.

The Spectator, March 12, 1861, p. 2, c. 5: "A Capital Burlesque."
Reprints a copy of an ordinance of secession spoofing secessionist views. It was left under the door of the state convention delegate from Hardy county and suggests that, if Virginia does not secede in a matter of days, Hardy County will secede unilaterally and assume all powers of a sovereign nation.

The Spectator, March 19, 1861, p. 1, c. 3: "A Southerner on Secession."
Article quotes a letter from a Southern gentleman in Augusta, Georgia, who says that with taxes and tariffs rising under the Confederacy and the populace roaming about armed, the citizens of the South, if left alone for six months, would probably seek to re-enter the Union.

The Vindicator, March 15, 1861, p. 1, c. 3: "Lincoln's War Policy."
The Washington correspondent of the Richmond Examiner believes that Lincoln will adopt "hostile measures against the South" very soon.

The Vindicator, March 15, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Southern Confederacy."
Argues that the foundations of the new Confederacy are being firmly laid. This Confederate government will never unite with "a people whose entire education is enmity and whose highest ambition is oppression, aggression and outrage."

The Vindicator, March 15, 1861, p. 2, c. 4: "Virginia--The Battle Ground."
The Vindicator believes that Virginia has been chosen as "the grand arena for the display of Black Republican prowess" since the federal government has been amassing troops around Washington, D.C.

The Spectator, April 2, 1861, p. 1, c. 6: "Policy of the Border States."
The Spectator argues that the interests of the border states are best served in the Union. It is in the Union that such issues as the return of fugitive slaves can best be addressed. Furthermore, the border states have concerns that the gulf states do not share, being disproportionately affected by such problems as fugitive slaves and the threat of war with the North.

The Vindicator, April 5, 1861, p. 1, c. 5: "A Patriotic Letter."
Letter from a Southern woman to her cousin in Virginia, in which she praises the Confederacy and questions why it has taken Virginia so long to leave the Union.

The Vindicator, April 5, 1861, p. 2, c. 4: "Patriotic Letter."
States that the "Patriotic Letter" printed in this issue was written by a sister of William Smith of Virginia.

The Vindicator, April 5, 1861, p. 2, c. 5: "The Union and Our Liberties."
Argues that preserving the Union will no longer preserve liberty, especially if the "ignorant and vicious masses" of the North come to predominate that region.

The Vindicator, April 5, 1861, p. 3, c. 1: "The Right Sentiment."
The Vindicator directs the attention of the Spectator to a recent article from the Richmond Whig. In it, the Whig argues that Lincoln cannot continue his "do-nothing policy" and think that the border states will remain in the Union. Virginia and the other border states are only delaying their secession to see if it is possible to "obtain from the North guarantees that will justify their remaining longer in association with that section."

The Vindicator, April 12, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Wanted--A Policy."
The Vindicator discusses the New York Times and its critique of the Lincoln administration's seeming lack of policy.

The Vindicator, April 26, 1861, p. 1, c. 1: "'A Telegram Was Received . . .'"
News dispatch stating that Virginia has allied itself with the Southern Confederacy.

The Spectator, April 30, 1861, p. 1, c. 5: "'Your Letter of Yesterday . . .'"
Letters exchanged between A. Nicholas of New York, and Col. J. M. McCue of Augusta County, regarding Virginia's decision to secede. Nicholas hopes that Virginia will stand by the Union; McCue accuses the North of hypocrisy and of instigating the war, and expresses his wish to have the "earnestly hoped for meeting" on the battlefield.

The Spectator, May 7, 1861, p. 1, c. 5: "Virginia, God Bless Her!"
Praises Virginia's commitment to fight the tyranny of Lincoln.

The Spectator, May 7, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Stand United."
Urges Virginians to remain united against Lincoln in spite of their political disagreements.

The Spectator, May 14, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Lincoln's Pledge Not To Invade."
Expresses hope that Lincoln will keep his inaugural promise not to invade the seceded states, apart from those localities or properties previously held by the United States.

The Spectator, May 14, 1861, p. 2, c. 7: "For the Spectator."
Writer supports secession based on the assumption that the goal of the North is to steal Southern property and ravage Southern women.

The Vindicator, May 17, 1861, p. 1, c. 3: "The Ordinance of Freedom."
Urges Augusta voters to support the "Ordinance of Secession" in the vote on the fourth Thursday of the month.

The Vindicator, May 17, 1861, p. 1, c. 4: "Beware."
Warns that any voter who votes against secession in the upcoming election is an "enemy of Virginia."

The Vindicator, May 17, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Hon. A. H. H. Stuart's Position."
Lengthy letter from A. H. H. Stuart in which he states that the time has come to support the Ordinance of Secession, even though he has long advocated a pro-Union position.

The Spectator, June 4, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Victory Will Be Ours."
Urges Southerners not to become overwhelmed by the seemingly superior strength of the federal armies. The Spectator argues that the South will be victorious because the South is in the right and will not be defeated if "we perform our whole duty manfully and faithfully."

The Coming of the War

The Spectator, January 15, 1861, p. 2, c. 1: "Convention and Secession."
Reports that the Virginia Legislature has called for the election of a convention to respond to the secession crisis in South Carolina. This state convention will debate the possible secession of Virginia. The Spectator calls for the citizens to vote for pro-union representatives because "men tainted with the principles of secession would not represent the sentiment of our people."

The Spectator, April 30, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "How Virginia was United."
Article reproaches those who blame the Union men for the current state of war because they resisted immediate secession. The article says that by attempting to compromise, Union men forced Lincoln to develop a policy that united all Virginians in opposition. If secession had occurred before compromise efforts were exhausted, there would have been parties in Virginia discontented with such an action.

The Spectator, May 7, 1861, p. 1, c. 5: "Virginia, God Bless Her!"
Praises Virginia's commitment to fight the tyranny of Lincoln.

The Spectator, May 7, 1861, p. 2, c. 2: "Stand United."
Urges Virginians to remain united against Lincoln in spite of their political disagreements.