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Articles Indexed by Topic Augusta County : Politics Augusta Politics | State Politics | National Reconstruction Politics | National Issues Note: When you select an article from the list below you will be taken to the appropriate page of the newspaper. You may need to scroll down in order to find the particular article you are interested in reading.

Augusta Politics

Republican Vindicator, July 14, 1865, p. 2, c. 2
This letter urges voters to elect William Withrow, Jr., and J. S. Wallace magistrate of the Waynesboro district for the purpose of enforcing liquor laws.

Republican Vindicator, July 14, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
This editorial urges men to take the oath of amnesty and loyalty to the state, and to vote in the upcoming election.

Republican Vindicator, August 18, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper urges that the voters select "good loyal men . . . unexceptionable to the authorities" in the upcoming congressional elections.

Staunton Spectator, September 12, 1865, p. 3, c. 4: "Opening of the Congressional Canvass."
An article detailing the speeches of A. H. H. Stuart and other candidates to an assemblage of men in Albemarle County. In the course of his speech, Stuart pointed out that "as a practical man, he accepted the abolition of slavery" and suggested that "the negro would become extinct or be removed." He also denounced "the cherishing of old prejudices" now that Southerners were "citizens of the Union."

Staunton Spectator, September 19, 1865, p. 3, c. 2: "To The Voters of the Sixth Congressional District."
A letter from A. H. H. Stuart, detailing his public life during and since the war as well as his current positions. Stuart explains that "Virginia must now take her stand" against the constitutionality of the test-oath rather than grant any further "concessions" to the "radicals." Stuart also questions whether his opponent, Mr. Lewis, can take the oath.

Staunton Spectator, September 26, 1865, p. 1, c. 5: "To the Voters in the 6th Congressional District."
This letter from John Lewis responds to a similar one from Alexander Stuart, his competitor for a seat in Congress. Lewis defends his "Union" credentials, distances himself from secessionists, attacks Stuart's actions during the war and questions his ability to take the test-oath.

Staunton Spectator, September 26, 1865, p. 2, c. 3
This letter from A. H. H. Stuart aims "to correct several errors into which Mr. Lewis," his opponent for the Congressional seat, "has (no doubt inadvertently) fallen" in the course of his public letter on the front page of the Spectator. Stuart defends his position during secession and his view that a negotiated settlement late in the war would not have brought real peace.

Staunton Spectator, October 3, 1865, p. 3, c. 3
This letter from Jno. Lewis, congressional candidate, responds to allegations made by his challenger, A. H. H. Stuart. Lewis also asserts his ability to "conscientiously" take the test oath if elected.

Republican Vindicator, October 6, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper reminds Augusta citizens of the importance of the upcoming elections. It hopes that in the elections for Congress the voters "will aid in strengthening the President and the Conservatives, who are the only real Union men in the country."

Staunton Spectator, November 21, 1865, p. 2, c. 3: "The Test Oath."
In this letter, Congressman-elect A. H. H. Stuart expresses his views on the "re-organization" of political parties, the unconstitutionality of the test oath, and his determination to "demand" his seat.

Republican Vindicator, February 16, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "The President's Policy."
An account of the recent meeting between President Johnson and a delegation of Virginians, led by John Baldwin of Augusta. Baldwin informed Johnson that the people of Virginia recognize the permanence of the Union and the end of slavery and "that the feelings of our people toward these freedmen are those of kindness, sympathy, and good will."

Staunton Spectator, June 5, 1866, p. 1, c. 5: "For the County Court."
Denounces "discrimination against the poor, and in favor of the rich" and calls for reform in the system of taxation.

Valley Virginian, June 27, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "Public Meeting in Augusta. Important Resolutions."
The paper prints the proceedings of a public meeting held to protest the amendments proposed to the Constitution by Republicans in Congress. The citizens of Staunton assert that Congress is currently an unconstitutional body, since the southern states are barred from representation. The meeting also passed resolutions of support for Andrew Johnson.

Staunton Spectator, July 3, 1866, p. 1, c. 5: "Public Meeting in Augusta--Important Resolutions."
Resolutions propounded by a public meeting at the court house on June 26, denouncing the course of Congress, praising President Johnson, and vowing that Virginia will never "be placed in the position of a political prostitute, by giving consent to her own degradation and dishonor."

Staunton Spectator, July 3, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "Public Meeting--Constitutional Amendments."
Praises the individuals who attended a recent public meeting at the Court House for refusing "to give their consent to such outrages" as those embodied in the Constitutional Amendments. The people of the South can bear the deprivation of their Constitutional rights with "philosophic fortitude," but they will "maintain their honor inviolate, for that cannot be sullied without their consent."

Staunton Spectator, March 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The People of Augusta."
Expresses the belief that the people of the county would not allow their character as "an honest, high-minded and patriotic community" to be sullied by recognizing "the validity of any unconstitutional act passed by Congress."

Staunton Spectator, April 2, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Register and Vote."
Urges readers to vote for delegates who will "faithfully represent them" at the convention while at the same time voting against calling a convention.

Valley Virginian, April 10, 1867, p. 3, c. 3: "Population of Augusta and Voters."
This article gives a statistical breakdown of Augusta County voters based on race, and concludes that the whites have an overwhelming majority. This should convince blacks of the "folly" of voting against their white "friends."

Staunton Spectator, April 16, 1867, p. 3, c. 2: "Amicably Adjusted."
A feud between R. Mauzy, the editor of the Spectator, and N. K. Trout was amicably settled by the arbitration of a group of men recommended by A. H. H. Stuart.

Valley Virginian, April 24, 1867, p. 2, c. 5: "A Disgusted Delegate."
The Richmond Whig reports that E. L. Houff, speaking for Augusta's Unionists, expressed displeasure at the Convention which was run by "corrupt and designing white men for their own selfish ends." A resolution he presented against confiscation of land, or harsh treatment of ex-Confederates failed to pass.

Valley Virginian, May 1, 1867, p. 3, c. 4: "Great meeting of the Freedmen of Augusta! Many Whites Present. Good Order and Kind Feeling Exhibited."
The paper summarizes the speeches and proceedings of an interracial mass meeting for the Freedmen. General John Echols spoke on the importance of interracial cooperation, and urged Augusta's blacks to reject the Radicals and confiscation. Several members of the African American community responded, and argued against Echols's position.

Staunton Spectator, May 7, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Register and Vote."
Encourages readers to register and vote, even though the proceedings are "irregular and unsanctioned by law."

Staunton Spectator, May 7, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Address of Col. Baldwin."
Summarizes a recent speech by Col. Baldwin at the adjournment of the House of Delegates "in one word--REGISTER."

Staunton Spectator, June 4, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Register! Register!"
Calls for "committees of active, patriotic men" to see that every man who is able registers, explaining that "a vote is worth a thousand times as much now as ever before."

Republican Vindicator, June 7, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The editors implore readers to register for the upcoming election. Though it is generally believed that the white majority in the state is sufficiently large to repulse any political challenge from blacks, the editors fear political apathy among whites will greatly reduce the strength of the conservative vote.

Staunton Spectator, June 11, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Register! Register!!"
Encourages all white men to register and vote, declaring that "every white man who fails to register will deserve to be execrated as an enemy of his race, and as an unnatural husband and father." After victory, though, the article argues that whites can "afford to make the lesson of our magnanimity and justice impressive" upon the "deluded negroes."

Valley Virginian, June 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "A Sacred Duty."
The editors state their opinion that the registrars will be fair in carrying out their duties, and urge all Augusta citizens to register and vote.

Valley Virginian, June 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "A Little Too Fast."
The editors caution any Augusta resident who is leaning toward the Radical party that its days are numbered in both the South and the North.

Staunton Spectator, June 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Register! Register!!"
Explains the reasons for disfranchisement and encourages every man not subject to those provisions to register. Those who do not register, the editor warns, "will have cause to regret that he failed to do so."

Staunton Spectator, June 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "A Reason for Registering."
Reports that Radicals are distributing a circular among the county's black population, urging them to register and vote for the Radical candidates. It warns that "those who fail to register will be, politically, the inferiors of the negroes."

Staunton Spectator, June 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Choose ye Between the Two."
Warns that if "white men" fail to register to vote "the black cloud of negro barbarism, more terrible than Egyptian darkness, will encompass and envelope you in the hopeless horrors of a helpless despair."

Valley Virginian, June 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Who Can Register and Vote."
This article gives the guidelines for voter registration eligibility.

Valley Virginian, June 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The True Question."
This article urges whites to register and vote. If they do not, blacks alone will choose the government and the delegates to the convention.

Republican Vindicator, June 21, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
With voter registration commencing tomorrow, the editors reiterate the need for all white men to register to vote. Labeling the prospect of black rule as a "terrible evil," the editors contend it would "take many years to recover" from such a scandalous outcome.

Valley Virginian, June 26, 1867, p. 2, c. 5
This notice asserts that the future of the "Caucasian race" depends upon white men registering and voting.

Staunton Spectator, July 2, 1867, p. 3, c. 1: "Local News--Registration Returns."
Voter registration ended last Saturday in the two districts of Staunton with 746 whites and 442 blacks registered.

Staunton Spectator, July 9, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Albemarle Meeting."
Referring to a recent Republican meeting in Albemarle, the editor expresses surprise at "gentlemen" who were leaders of secession now supporting the Radical platform and encourages readers to "maintain a manly fortitude in the midst of suffering" rather than follow the example of the Albemarle group.

Staunton Spectator, July 16, 1867, p. 3, c. 1: "Local News--Registration in Augusta."
Lists registration totals for the six districts composing Augusta county.

Staunton Spectator, July 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Letter of John Minor Botts."
Includes the 10 principles that John Minor Botts says will actuate him at the upcoming Convention.

Valley Virginian, July 31, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "A Reconstruction Meeting."
The paper publishes the resolutions passed at the bi-racial political meeting which call for compliance with the demands of the Military Bill, support for a convention, and respect for the supremacy of the constitution.

Republican Vindicator, August 2, 1867, p. 3, c. 1
Reports that a political meeting was held at the Court House last Monday to select delegates for the constitutional convention. The crowd, which was composed of black and whites, heard several speakers and passed a series of resolutions.

Staunton Spectator, August 6, 1867, p. 1, c. 6: "Radical Resolutions."
Contains the resolutions produced at the Radical meeting at the Staunton Court House on July 29, including the selection of delegates to attend the Radical Convention in Richmond.

Staunton Spectator, August 13, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "A Bitter Pill."
Argues that at the Radical Convention in Richmond, Hunnicutt offered the cooperationists "a bitter pill" to swallow if they join the Radical party in Virginia, one that includes "every reconstruction act" and the "body and soul" of blacks. The editor contends that David Fultz, the white delegate from Augusta, would not consent to take this pill, "and returned to Staunton as fast as steam could carry him after learning the character of the prescription."

Valley Virginian, August 21, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Congressional."
The paper mockingly offers "Dumb George," the Valley Virginian office hand, as a candidate for Congress in response to those who argue blacks should have the right to be elected to government posts.

Staunton Spectator, August 27, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Gov. Peirpont."
Governor Peirpont spoke yesterday in the Staunton Court House. The editor did not hear the speech, suspecting that it "would reflect no credit on the Governor of a great State like Virginia." If the contest for Governor is between Peirpont and Hunnicutt, the writer argues, most will vote for Peirpont but only as "a choice of evils."

Republican Vindicator, August 30, 1867, p. 3, c. 1: "Local Items."
Reports that Gov. Pierpont delivered an address at the Court House in Staunton last Monday. A "large crowd of white and colored persons" came to hear the governor's speech, during which he remarked upon the "basis of Republican Government."

Staunton Spectator, September 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 5
"Citizen" encourages voters to "make a wise selection" for delegates to a state Convention, should one be called in the upcoming elections.

Republican Vindicator, October 4, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The editors urge conservatives to unite "in support of good men" in the upcoming election rather than voting for "local" favorites. Should conservatives fail to do so, the editors warn, it will dissipate the strength of the conservative vote and result in the election of Radicals to represent "'Old Augusta'" at the convention.

Staunton Spectator, October 15, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Convention or No Convention."
Asserts that those who "want voluntarily to pass under negro rule" will vote for a Convention and urges readers to "vote AGAINST a Convention, if you want to protect your liberty and property."

Staunton Spectator, October 15, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Nominees."
Presents the Conservative nominees to the upcoming Convention, as selected by a public meeting last Saturday. The editor contends that the closeness of the elections dictates that "it is indispensable for every Conservative to cast his vote for the same candidate" or risk "the disgrace of having as our representative, a radical, or republican or renegade or negro!"

Staunton Spectator, October 15, 1867, p. 3, c. 2: "Conservative Meeting."
Summarizes the proceedings of the "Conservative white voters" who met at the Court House last Saturday to nominate delegates to the proposed Convention.

Valley Virginian, October 16, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "To the Voters of the County of Augusta."
This address to the people of Augusta introduces the convention candidates selected by a meeting of the conservative white voters of the county. Joseph A. Waddell, Powell Harrison, and James C. Southall are the candidates most able to unite the conservative voters in the district, the resolution asserts.

Republican Vindicator, October 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "To the Voters of the County of Augusta."
The letter relates that a group of conservative voters met in Staunton on October 12 and unanimously nominated Joseph A. Waddell and Powell Harrison to represent the county, and James C. Southall, of Albemarle, to represent the district.

Staunton Spectator, October 22, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Be Sure to Vote."
Urges "every white voter" to vote the Conservative ticket solidly while also voting against the Convention.

Staunton Spectator, October 22, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Wm. F. Gordon's Speech."
William Gordon, a candidate for the proposed Convention, addressed an audience at the Court House last Friday. The article reports that he "delivered a long, tedious and disjointed speech" and that "his chief effort seemed to be to secure the negro vote."

Republican Vindicator, October 25, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The article reports that the election took place in Augusta without any disturbances, and notes that almost all the registered blacks in the county came out to vote, though the same was not true for whites.

Staunton Spectator, October 29, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Augusta County."
Expresses chagrin that "Augusta County did not proclaim her detestation of the Radical scheme of Reconstruction" at the polls "with that emphasis which we desired," admonishing readers that "this is no time for the sentinels of liberty to be sleeping upon their posts."

Valley Virginian, October 30, 1867, p. 3, c. 3: "Election Returns of Augusta County."
The paper prints the Augusta County election returns.

Staunton Spectator, November 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 2
Disparages the "recreant whites who disgraced the white blood in your veins" by voting for a Convention, telling them to "blacken your faces" and give their "daughters to the negroes embrace."

Staunton Spectator, November 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Who Can Vote for Railroad Subscription."
Explains that an order of General Schofield allows those who are disfranchised in regular elections to vote on the question of whether to support the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad.

Staunton Spectator, November 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Conservative Convention."
Expresses approval for the proposed "Conservative Convention" to be held in Richmond to "ensure concert of action" among the conservatives of the state. The editor recommends that a meeting be held at the Staunton Court House to select local delegates to the Convention.

Staunton Spectator, November 12, 1867, p. 3, c. 1: "Local News."
Details the number of blacks and whites who registered and voted in the late election, showing that black men voted at a much higher rate then white men.

Republican Vindicator, November 15, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The editors "heartily endorse" a suggestion made by the Executive Committee of the Conservative Party of Richmond to appoint delegates at the local level to attend a state Conservative Convention in Richmond on December 11. The editors call on county conservatives to assemble on the first day of the November County Court to select delegates to represent Augusta.

Staunton Spectator, November 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Meeting on Monday Next."
Urges the "good citizens" of Augusta to attend a meeting at the Courthouse next Monday to appoint delegates to the upcoming Conservative Convention in Richmond. Asserts that it is their duty to help save Virginia "from the dire calamity of Radical rule and negro domination."

Staunton Spectator, November 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Virginia Conservative Press Convention."
Articles from Lynchburg and Richmond papers praise the proposed Conservative Convention, which was originally suggested by the editors of Staunton's three newspapers.

Valley Virginian, November 20, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Let Us Counsel Together."
This editor urges the white men of Augusta County to gather on Court Day for a Conservative mass meeting aimed at selecting delegates for the convention. The recent elections have shown that a "line has been clearly drawn" between whites and blacks, and only white unity will defeat rule by "mean whites and negroes."

Valley Virginian, November 22, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The editors remind readers to attend a meeting of Conservative citizens in Staunton next Monday, at which time delegates will be selected to attend the State Conservative Convention in Richmond. It is imperative that all conservatives voters "be aroused" from their "apathy" so as to deter "the attempted Radical domination of this State."

Staunton Spectator, November 26, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Conservative Meeting."
A Conservative Meeting was held at the Court House on November 25 to select local delegates to attend the upcoming Conservative Convention in Richmond.

Valley Virginian, November 27, 1867, p. 3, c. 1: "Mass Meeting of the People!"
The white voters of Augusta met to appoint delegates to a Conservative Convention to be held in Richmond. Alexander H. H. Stuart and others addressed the crowd and called on all white men to save Virginia from "degradation" by registering, voting, and opposing any Constitution drafted by the Radical Convention. They also commented on race relations and the likelihood of a race war.

Staunton Spectator, December 3, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Action! Action!"
Includes a letter from Kenton Harper, the superintendent for the Seventh Magisterial District, explaining how he has organized the voters in his district into groups of ten, with one man responsible for seeing that nine others get to the polls. Harper argues that "no white man of common intelligence, with the proper instincts of his race, can fail to appreciate the fearful magnitude of the impending crisis."

Staunton Spectator, December 3, 1867, p. 4, c. 2: "Hon. A. H. H. Stuart's Speech."
Includes the substance of a speech delivered by A. H. H. Stuart at the meeting held at the Court House last week.

Staunton Spectator, December 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Augusta Challenges Rockingham."
Claiming that the "mongrel, tesselated Convention" is preparing to bring Virginia to "degradation and ruin," Augusta county challenges Rockingham county, promising to "fulfill her duty to Virginia, more zealously and efficiently than Rockingham" when the time comes to vote on the new Constitution.

Staunton Spectator, December 10, 1867, p. 3, c. 3: "Organization Appointments."
George Bruce reports on the appointments made in the Waynesboro Magisterial district to ensure every Conservative voter gets to the polls.

Staunton Spectator, December 31, 1867, p. 3, c. 1: "Local News--Report of a Meeting at Hall's School-house, the 28th of December, 1867."
The report produced by a group of men who met at Hall's School-house to express their opposition to "a Constitution which will bring the State under the control of the negro race." The men pledged to make every effort to defeat the ratification of the Constitution.

State Politics

Republican Vindicator, May 25, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Attacks the "so-called Convention of the Union Republican Party of Virginia," which met in Alexandria last week, arguing that their "resolutions and doings bear the unmistakable mark of self-aggrandizement." The author expresses particular displeasure with the resolution that would disfranchise former Confederates.

Staunton Spectator, January 15, 1867, p. 1, c. 5
"Observer" suggests that the Legislature of Virginia is "gobbling up the hard earnings of the people" with an onerous tax burden.

Republican Vindicator, February 1, 1867, p. 2, c. 2
Reports that Judge Meredith's recent ruling against the constitutionality of the Stay Law has prompted considerable debate in the legislature and is sure to be challenged.

Staunton Spectator, February 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "State Elections--Policy of the South."
Explains to readers the course that "wise and enlightened patriotism dictates they should pursue," encouraging them to avoid voting for leading secessionists or Confederates in the upcoming elections. To do so, the article warns, would play into the hands of the Radicals, who hope Southerners will demonstrate a rebellious spirit. "It does not require much," the editor explains, "to convince those whose minds are already poisoned with prejudice against us."

Valley Virginian, March 6, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "What Shall We Do?"
The Charlottesville Chronicle offers an assessment of how white southerners should respond to military reconstruction. Dismissing the Supreme Court as too uncertain, the article advocates holding a constitutional convention and re-entering the Union as fast as possible, even if it means accepting the terms of the radicals. Then arrangements can be made to disenfranchise blacks with measures such as education and property requirements.

Valley Virginian, March 6, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Hon. John B. Baldwin on the 'Situation.'"
John B. Baldwin, as a man disfranchised under Congressional Reconstruction, takes leave of the Virginia legislature. He asserts that a policy which takes away citizens' rights to choose their representatives is a mistaken one, but urges Virginians to obey the laws and give no further pretext for radical measures even while they resist as best they can.

Staunton Spectator, March 12, 1867, p. 3, c. 2: "Conventions to be Called by the Military."
Disparages the Senate of Virginia for its failure to call a state convention; by contrast, the piece notes, a bill has just been submitted to Congress that would allow the military to call conventions.

Valley Virginian, March 13, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "What a Gallant Soldier Thinks About a Convention."
"Soldier" writes to the Virginian in support of a Constitutional Convention which will accept Congressional requirements and put Virginia speedily back into the Union. Although requirements set by Congress are "tyrannical" and unpleasant, white Virginians would be best able to control their own State with Congressional representation. The "Men of Honor" who refuse are ridiculed by "Soldier" as self-serving shirkers who avoided duty during the war.

Republican Vindicator, March 15, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Rather than fight what appears to be a futile battle, the editors acknowledge that there seems little reason to resist the call for a constitutional convention. They do not support the move, but recognize that there is little they can do to stop it since the Radicals are in command of the political situation in Congress and seem intent on moving forward with the scheme.

Staunton Spectator, March 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Wise Legislation."
The House of Delegates recently passed a bill forbidding the sale or distribution of liquor at any point near a place of voting. The editor predicts the legislation will help "prevent collisions and ill feeling, especially in the new order of things."

Staunton Spectator, April 2, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "How is It?"
Argues that convening a convention would "do violence to the honor of Virginia" since the Sherman-Shellabarger bill calls for state conventions to adopt the constitutional amendment to be recognized by Congress.

Valley Virginian, April 3, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "A Virginia Soldier's opinion of the Senate and its Traducers."
This letter to the editor denounces politicians who did not serve in or support the Confederate military during the war, and now obstruct action on a Convention.

Staunton Spectator, April 9, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "For or Against the Convention."
Urges readers to vote against calling a Convention to comply with the requirements of the Sherman-Shellabarger bill, an act "of such outrageous character" that it swept the Conservatives to victory in Connecticut.

Valley Virginian, April 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Candidates for the Convention."
This article denounces the apathy and misguided principle that induces many talented men to refuse to become candidates for the Constitutional Convention because they fear cooperation may imply acceptance of radical policy.

Staunton Spectator, April 16, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Convention Question."
Urges white readers to vote against calling a Convention because "the honor of the State" forbids it.

Valley Virginian, April 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Choice."
The Richmond Whig chastises the Staunton Spectator for urging people to vote against the Convention. The Whig asserts that black voters will support the Convention, and whites would do better to join them and avoid permanent antagonism between the races.

Valley Virginian, April 24, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "The 'Convention.'"
The Richmond Times ridicules the blacks and their white supporters for their participation in the Convention.

Staunton Spectator, April 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "S. S. S. Bill--Reconstruction!"
Rejects arguments that contend that "the Southern people" should participate in the reorganization of state governments "or the work will be done for them by the negroes and the worst class of the white population," suggesting that the North would be so "disgusted and shamed by such a spectacle to bring about a revolution in Government." The author expresses confidence that "the irritation and exasperations which originated in the war will be modified and ameliorated by time."

Republican Vindicator, May 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Case Stated."
The extract endorses the constitutional convention, as mandated by Congress and the Reconstruction acts, to secure re-admission to the Union, but balks at electing "Governors, Judges and Legislators who have no claim to these positions except that they represent a minority, and are taken from a class which controls the elections in the North."

Valley Virginian, May 29, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Register and Vote."
This editorial urges white Virginians to register and vote for delegates to the convention. If the 'loyalists' gain control, they might never loose it.

Staunton Spectator, June 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Result Doubtful."
Predicts that "the thorough organization of the Radicals and Freedmen" will make the state elections very close and "the result extremely doubtful." Includes a speech by Senator Wilson predicting a Radical victory in Virginia.

Valley Virginian, July 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Who are to Blame?"
This editorial argues that white men must be encouraged to register to vote. If an effort is made in this direction, whites will be assured of outnumbering blacks at the polls.

Republican Vindicator, July 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Dismissing allegations that Virginia's antebellum leaders secretly desire to "'unite all white men of the State in one party against the colored people,'" the editors insist that it is Hunnicutt, the Radical leader, who is in fact the person most responsible for the emergence of race-based parties in the state.

Staunton Spectator, August 6, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Radical Convention in Richmond."
Includes a summary of events during the two days of the Radical Convention in Richmond, where the cooperationist movement was defeated. The editor argues that "so far as the negroes are concerned," the world "has no record of a more decided victory or more insulting exultation over the prostrate fallen."

Valley Virginian, August 7, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "What Are We to Do?"
This editorial denounces the developments at the Convention which resulted in Hunnicut's faction triumphing by passing a Radical agenda. The paper counsels that Virginia's citizens abide by the Military Bill, but do all in their power to defeat the Radical party.

Valley Virginian, August 20, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "About Reconstruction."
The Valley Virginian stays by its stance that the South should accept the Military Bills, speedily re-enter the Union, and then regain control of their State governments.

Staunton Spectator, September 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "How the Radicals Will Vote."
Argues that Radicals will vote unanimously for a Convention to further their ultimate goal "of securing the permanent domination of the Radical party" and implies that a vote for a Convention equates to a vote for the Radical agenda.

Staunton Spectator, September 24, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Object of the Convention."
Argues that any "conservatives" who vote for a convention "will vote in company with Radicals and negroes." Such men, the article suggests, may be "judged by the company" they keep.

Republican Vindicator, September 27, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
With the prospect of a constitutional convention becoming increasingly likely, the editors advise readers to select only the "very best men" as delegates to counter any attempt by the Radicals to draft an "ill advised and proscriptive Constitution."

Republican Vindicator, September 27, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
After discussing the potential repercussions of the election, the editors declare their opposition to the proposed constitutional convention.

Staunton Spectator, October 1, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Radical Reconstruction."
The Spectator's editor uses extracts from a Northern Republican journal, the Round Table, to buttress his arguments that voting for a Convention means subverting the Constitution and betraying the white race. The Round Table contends that, once the Radical plan of Reconstruction is complete, "the liberty of death will be the only liberty secured to men whose crime is that they were born white."

Staunton Spectator, October 8, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Negro Conventions."
Argues that voters should not be persuaded to vote for a Convention because of the specter of Congress imposing "greater burdens" on the South if they fail to call conventions. The author contends that Congress could not "impose upon us a more odious or detestable system of despotism" than subjecting whites "to the domination of a different race and color" and concludes that it would be better for Congress to "confiscate our property than for our former slaves to do it under State supremacy."

Valley Virginian, October 16, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Politics and Our Duties."
The Valley Virginian defends its long-held stand of working with the terms offered under Reconstruction by accepting the Convention and moving to control it. The editors see no good in relying on northern Democrats to held solve the South's problems. The paper and its veteran employees, the editorial claims, have always held the best interests of the Valley and of Virginia above all other considerations.

Staunton Spectator, October 22, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Reaction Against a Convention."
Expresses satisfaction that most newspapers in the state, "except avowed Radical ones," have now joined the Spectator's opinion, urging their readers to vote against the Convention. The author also argues that if the election were postponed for a month while public opinion continues to shift, the Convention would be defeated "notwithstanding the negro vote in favor of it."

Staunton Spectator, October 29, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Convention Called--How to Defeat the Schemes of the Radicals."
Elections last week called for a Convention to draft a Constitution, although the editor argues that the "white and negro Radical Representatives in the Convention will know about as much about framing a Constitution as a pig does about astronomy." To thwart their "fiendish spirit" and "demoniac desires" the author offers a plan of "'masterly inactivity.'" Since law dictates that the Constitution must be approved by a majority of the registered voters, the editor urges every white man to register but not vote. Under these circumstances, "the white man who will fail to register," and then not vote, "should be considered not only an enemy to liberty, but to his race."

Valley Virginian, October 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Virginia Elections."
This article calls Reconstruction a "black carnival of license, ushered in by fraud, violence and meditated murder," which is transforming "heretofore orderly and peaceful laborers" into "savages athirst for blood and rapine." Early election results foreshadow a black majority at the Convention secured allegedly by fraud and violence against conservative black voters.

Staunton Spectator, November 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Press Should Act in Concert."
Argues that the "Conservative" press of the state should agree on a single plan to defeat the proposed Constitution and then "act in perfect harmony in advocacy" of that policy. Currently the press is divided between trying to defeat the Constitution by a simple vote and, as the Spectator has advocated, by registering large numbers of white men who will then abstain from voting.

Staunton Spectator, November 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Resistance to Negro Domination."
Declares that "the negro shall not rule in this fair State designed by God to be the dominion of the highest type of the white race" and urges readers to treat the Convention "as a nullity and a mockery." The author also argues that "death is preferable to negro supremacy." "Revolution," he contends, "will be the inevitable result of an attempt upon the part of a Mongrel Convention to make a Hayti of Virginia."

Valley Virginian, November 6, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Great Question."
This editorial denounces those who waste time coming up with schemes to resist and defeat the constitution to be written at the Convention. Instead, southerners should devote their time to building material prosperity and attracting white immigrant labor. Political power will follow.

Republican Vindicator, November 8, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
In the wake of the result in favor of holding a convention, conservatives are divided over the best approach to take in the matter. The editors advocate a grass roots campaign to organize conservatives in the state against the ratification of a new constitution.

Staunton Spectator, December 3, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Conservative Convention."
Calls on the Conservative Convention to eschew "violence of language" and instead issue a "simple assertion of the right of the white man to rule the State."

Staunton Spectator, December 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Unconstitutional Convention."
Argues that the Constitutional Convention being held in Richmond has "put the 'bottom rail on top' by electing a negro secretary and a white man as assistant secretary."

Staunton Spectator, December 10, 1867, p. 3, c. 3: "Can a Radical Constitution be Defeated in Virginia."
Analyzes the numbers of registered voters, black and white, concluding that if whites all vote and vote as a bloc they can defeat the new Constitution.

Republican Vindicator, December 13, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Labeling Reconstruction a Congressional "farce," the editors ridicule the notion that Virginia's Constitutional Convention will produce anything but an immense failure. Consequently, they urge conservative delegates to "withdraw" from the proceedings in order to highlight the "ignorance of the radical members," which will became apparent once the new constitution is drafted without the conservatives' input.

Staunton Spectator, December 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Grand Conservative State Convention."
Lavishly praises the Conservative Convention held in Richmond as a "sublime spectacle" and calls on "the masses" to follow the plan produced by the Convention or "be ostracised from society" and "pointed at with the finger of scorn."

Staunton Spectator, December 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Editorial Convention."
Details the proceedings of the Editorial Convention recently held in Richmond at the request of the editors of Staunton's three newspapers. The group plans on organizing the Associated Press of Virginia.

Staunton Spectator, December 17, 1867, p. 3, c. 2: "Conservative Convention."
Details the proceedings of the recent "Convention of the white people of Virginia--who are the people of Virginia," where the assembled delegates vowed to try to halt efforts to "subvert our whole social fabric" and pledged to "never agree that this shall be any other than a white man's government." Includes the resolutions produced by the Convention.

Valley Virginian, December 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Conservative Convention."
The paper praises the action of the Convention of Conservative white voters which met in Richmond. They characterized it as a last "manly" effort against Republican policies, and praised the adoption of the district system of organization which is sure to turn out and register voters.

Valley Virginian, December 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Conservative Convention."
The paper prints the proceedings of the Conservative Convention that met in Richmond which included resolutions and addresses by Alexander H. H. Stuart and R. M. T. Hunter. Both men stressed that the government of Virginia is a "white man's government" and that conservative voters must unite to ensure that it stays that way. They also touched on national politics and race relations.

Republican Vindicator, December 20, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Great Conservative Convention."
The article provides a summary of the proceedings from the Conservative Convention held in Richmond last week. Several individuals from Augusta played prominent roles at the convention, including A. H. H. Stuart, who was elected President of the Convention and delivered a lengthy speech.

Staunton Spectator, December 24, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Duty of the Hour."
Argues that the "supreme duty of the hour is to preserve the public liberties" by ensuring that "the scum of population, the low whites and the ignorant blacks" do not control the Legislature. If they do so, the author contends, "a white man or conservative negro would find himself the object at once of plunder and oppression."

National Reconstruction Politics

Staunton Spectator, September 12, 1865, p. 2, c. 1: "Whom Shall We Elect?"
Argues that while Southerners have the "right to choose any man who possesses the Constitutional qualifications," considerations of "duty and sound policy" suggest that they should avoid electing men who were "prominently connected with the rebellion."

Staunton Spectator, September 19, 1865, p. 2, c. 1: "President Johnson's Policy."
The editor lauds Johnson's "generous and conciliatory policy" and encourages "every true Conservative man to rally to his support, and sustain him in this mighty struggle to steer the Ship of State safely through the breakers of Radicalism."

Republican Vindicator, September 22, 1865, p. 1, c. 3: "President Johnson's Reply to the Southern Delegation."
The paper prints President Johnson's remarks to a delegation of leaders from the southern states.

Republican Vindicator, September 22, 1865, p. 1, c. 1
The paper urges the southern people to support Andrew Johnson.

Republican Vindicator, September 22, 1865, p. 2, c. 2: "The Real Foes To A Restored Union."
The paper reprints an article calling the radical wing of the Republican party the true threat to Union.

Republican Vindicator, September 29, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper celebrates the battle President Johnson is fighting of "united and co-equal states against a consolidated despotism."

Staunton Spectator, October 3, 1865, p. 2, c. 1: "Duty of Voters."
This editorial castigates "the Press of the State" for urging voters to only elect men who will be able to take the test oath. The editor contends that voters should elect whoever they think can best represent them because the test oath itself is unconstitutional, and, he concludes, if the "radicals in Congress" deny those men their seats it will destroy the radicals and "strengthen the conservative party of the North."

Staunton Spectator, October 10, 1865, p. 2, c. 1: "In Or Out Of The Union."
This editorial argues that if the Southern states are in the Union then "the only restrictions which can be rightfully imposed upon the liberties of the people are those embraced in the Constitution." But the editor also suggests that these rights will "never be accorded to us if we do not claim them."

Republican Vindicator, October 20, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper applauds the Democratic party in the North for strongly challenging the agenda of the radical Republicans.

Republican Vindicator, October 20, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper applauds President Johnson for persisting in his course to restore the Union "on the broad basis of the Constitution."

Republican Vindicator, October 20, 1865, p. 2, c. 2
The paper argues that the only threat to a "completely restored Union" lies with those Republicans who oppose President Johnson's plan of Reconstruction.

Republican Vindicator, October 27, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The editorial argues that despite the Republican victory in the elections, the Democrats gained ground which will encourage President Johnson in pursuing his "wise and Statesman like policy" of reconstruction.

Republican Vindicator, November 3, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper announces that the Republican Clerk of the House plans to refuse to enroll southern representatives, thereby denying all of them a seat regardless of their ability to take the test oath.

Republican Vindicator, November 17, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper argues that although the Democratic party lost the recent elections, their principles won. The editors assert that there is now no difference between the platforms of the two parties on such critical issues as reconstruction and the role of the military in the South. The Democrat's strong resistance proved to Republicans that they could not impose a harsh reconstruction upon the South.

Staunton Spectator, November 21, 1865, p. 2, c. 1: "The Friends of the Union."
Argues that "it would seem to follow necessarily" from the outcome of the war that "the Union was saved--that the South never got out--that all the States were still in the Union" but instead the North has rejected their own logic, insisting on keeping the South out of the Union, making Southerners "better friends of the Union" than their northern counterparts.

Staunton Spectator, November 28, 1865, p. 2, c. 1: "The Congressional Question."
Reports that there is "little doubt" that the Radicals in Congress will attempt to keep the newly elected Southern representatives from taking their seats, but holds out hope that President Johnson "may be able to defeat the machinations of the Radicals."

Staunton Spectator, December 12, 1865, p. 2, c. 1: "President's Message."
A summary of Andrew Johnson's Message, characterized in another column of the Spectator as "a wet blanket upon the radical fires" in Congress.

Valley Virginian, January 31, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "What's the Times?"
This editorial denounces Congress's decision to prevent the seating of Southern representatives. The radicals, the article asserts, are intent on starting a race war. The South, the editors argue, have kept their half of the bargain by accepting the results of the war, including the end of slavery, but now the North is going back on its promises of speedy reunion. If only Johnson's policy had been adhered to, the South would have been able to quickly regain peace and prosperity. Proud Confederate veterans, the paper asserts, have a duty to resist radical policy.

Valley Virginian, January 31, 1866, p. 2, c. 3
The paper endorses President Andrew Johnson's position opposing suffrage for African Americans.

Valley Virginian, February 7, 1866, p. 1, c. 6: "A Chapter of Contradictions."
The editors assail Republicans for inconsistency and hypocrisy. They champion Union, but only make it harder to achieve, and value liberty, and rule over the conquered South.

Valley Virginian, February 7, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "The Freedmen's Bureau Bill."
The paper comes out against the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, and lists reasons why it should be considered unconstitutional.

Staunton Spectator, February 20, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "The Prospect Before Us."
Argues that "a collision" between Johnson and Congress "seems imminent" and urges Johnson to crush the rebellion of "Danton, Marat, and Robespierre--re-incarnated in the persons of Stevens, Sumner, and Howe."

Valley Virginian, February 21, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "What Are We To Do?"
This editorial argues that the course of the radical Republicans in Congress has left Southerners distrustful. Southerners, the editors argue, accepted defeat and kept all the promises made at Appomattox, only to be "threatened with new penalties and forced to live in a constant state of uncertainty and doubt." Nevertheless, the editors urge Southerners to patiently await the result of conflict between President Johnson and Congress in the hope that conservatism will prevail in the North. They owe nothing less to the memory of the Confederacy.

Staunton Spectator, March 6, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "Proclamation of Peace."
Praises President Johnson's upcoming proclamation of peace as "a most wise and statesmanlike exercise of the most important functions of his high office."

Republican Vindicator, March 16, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Claims that President Johnson's Reconstruction course is "meeting with a cordial endorsation in all sections of the Union" and that "fanatacism" has been "stayed by the firm and steady hand of Andrew Johnson."

Staunton Spectator, March 20, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "Disfranchisement of the South."
Argues that President Johnson should issue a proclamation of general amnesty, circumventing the "Radicals'" cries of "'disloyalty'" among Southerners.

Republican Vindicator, March 23, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Discourages the formation of a new political party system in the South since "there is no division of sentiment in the South, the universal desire being to bring the country back to a strict adherence to the Constitution."

Valley Virginian, March 28, 1866, p. 3, c. 3: "Universle Amnesty"
The paper reprints the Charlottesville Chronicle's objections to a Congressional compromise proposal granting universal amnesty for Confederates in exchange for suffrage for African Americans.

Staunton Spectator, April 3, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "Veto of the Civil Rights Bill."
Expresses surprise that Johnson's veto "has not received in the free States that united, cordial, and prompt support which was generally anticipated." Argues that "while no one can doubt the ultimate triumph of the President's policy, we can see at this time no indications of its speedy success."

Valley Virginian, April 18, 1866, p. 1, c. 5: "Another Sensible Speech from Beecher."
The paper reports upon a speech of Henry Ward Beecher denouncing Congress for attempting to compel the South to change. Persuasion would work better than coercion, he suggests.

Republican Vindicator, April 20, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
The editor expresses concern that since Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill over the President's veto "we have expected daily to hear of some monstrous proposition about to be acted upon" but suggests that "the healthy signs given by the Northern Masses" suggest that "reason will again be allowed to resume her sway."

Valley Virginian, April 25, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "Not Respectable."
The paper asserts that the only reason ex-Confederates hold office in the South is that there are no "respectable" alternatives. The Radicals, however, insist that "we shall elevate the disreputable trash that were vile before the war, viler during the war, and are now at their very vilest."

Valley Virginian, April 25, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "Restoration."
This editorial argues that the policies of Thad Stevens and other "madmen" radicals are driving the Union apart rather than binding it together. The South must wait and hope that the policies of President Johnson win out in the end.

Republican Vindicator, April 27, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Praises President Johnson's recent speech to an assemblage of soldiers and sailors in Washington. The author argues that Johnson's "manly and patriotic purpose" will soon "send fear to the heart of the radicals, and brand them with an infamy, which the remaining days of their lives devoted to an abject penitence will not atone for."

Republican Vindicator, May 4, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Summarizes, and disparages, the recent report of the Reconstruction Committee, arguing that it would be better to be "unrepresented forever" and "have the proud satisfaction of knowing that we had no hand in riveting on ourselves this diabolical scheme."

Republican Vindicator, May 11, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Disputes the notion that President Johnson is "the especial champion of the South," arguing instead that he is "the defender of the Constitution, and, knowing no North, no South, no East, no West, is battling to preserve the liberties of the whole country."

Valley Virginian, May 16, 1866, p. 1, c. 5: "Pungent Criticism."
The paper prints an article criticizing the Congressional Reconstruction Committee. They say it prevents reunion, and makes a mockery of democracy by allowing a small minority to do all the voting and office holding in the South.

Valley Virginian, June 13, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This editorial discusses the political "situation" facing the South. The article argues that the Radical Republicans are determined to "cheat the South out of what little she has left." The South ended the war with the understanding that all their rights would be restored, save slavery, and they cannot now accept disfranchisement or black suffrage. Only the policies of Andrew Johnson hold out hope that the country can reunite. In the meantime, the South must concentrate on rebuilding its material resources, since it has no political voice.

Valley Virginian, June 20, 1866, p. 1, c. 7: "The Senate Call Upon the Southern People to Violate Principles of Honor."
This editorial argues that for the South to accept the Radical policy of disfranchising Confederate leaders would be tantamount to a voluntary violation of honor.

Valley Virginian, June 20, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
The paper adopts a common headline from the war, "The Situation," for its weekly commentary on the politics of Reconstruction. The editorial argues that the country is in a disastrous state. The tyranny of Congress justifies all the South fought for. Southerners who put down their arms in good faith are greeted by disfranchisement of Confederate soldiers and enfranchisement of blacks.

Valley Virginian, June 20, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "An Honest Man in Congress! Remarkable Speech in the House of Representatives. Mr. Harris of Maryland Defends the Right of Secession and Justifies the South."
The paper reprints a speech of a Maryland representative in Congress challenging the notion that southerners committed treason, defending the right of secession, opposing "taxation without representation," and comparing the allegedly brutal treatment of John Wilkes Booth with that of the comparatively humane treatment of John Brown at the hands of Virginia.

Valley Virginian, June 27, 1866, p. 3, c. 3: "Breakers Ahead."
The paper prints an excerpt arguing that the course of the Republican Congress is dangerous to the peace of the country. If they should happen to pass bills or elect a president which southerners and northern democrats together reject, a second, non-sectional, civil war could break out over control of the government.

Republican Vindicator, July 6, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Reports that "the call for a National Convention at Philadelphia seems to be meeting with more favor from Northern Democrats than was first supposed," but recommends that the South not send delegates for fear that the cry of an alliance between "'Copperheads'" and "'Rebels'" would undermine the effectiveness of the Convention.

Staunton Spectator, July 10, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The New Party."
Argues for the formation of a new national party because "the parties that directly or indirectly reduced it to its present extremity may not rescue it from the impending danger." Former Democrats should unite "under another and less obnoxious name."

Valley Virginian, July 11, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Call for a National Convention."
The paper endorses the Rockingham Register's passive approach to the upcoming conservative convention in Philadelphia. Though the South is oppressed by the Republican Congress, it should be up to northern Democrats to nail down an opposition platform, which the South will then support if it meets their needs.

Valley Virginian, July 11, 1866, p. 2, c. 5: "To the People of the United States."
The paper prints a call for a conservative Union Convention to meet in Philadelphia in August. The convention will protest violations of the Constitution, support the quick readmittance of representatives from the southern states to Congress, and foster communication and cooperation between the sections.

Staunton Spectator, July 17, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "The Philadelphia Convention."
Questions whether Virginia should send delegates to the upcoming Philadelphia Convention, suggesting that "only embarrassment and new troubles would result" and doubting that the involvement of Southern men would be able to "help to give a right direction to popular sentiment at the North."

Staunton Spectator, July 24, 1866, p. 3, c. 2
Disagreeing with a recent Spectator editorial, "Augusta" argues that Southerners should support the Philadelphia Convention, which represents "an overture by the conservatives of the North for conciliation."

Valley Virginian, July 25, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Conservative Convention."
This editorial comes out in favor of the goals of the Philadelphia convention, which involve uniting all conservative politicians against the Republican Congress. The paper, however, argues against sending a formal delegation from the South since it could lead to disagreement between war and peace Democrats and disruption of the convention.

Republican Vindicator, July 27, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Argues that recent actions by the Radicals in Congress indicate that they are prepared, "in a certain event, to inaugurate another civil war" in order to maintain control of Congress.

Valley Virginian, August 1, 1866, p. 1, c. 5: "A Conversation with President Johnson."
The paper reprints an article from the Boston Evening Commercial outlining President Johnson's developing views on Reconstruction. He expresses his faith that more moderate men will be elected to Congress and that the white South will receive better treatment as a result. He expounds upon the future of the Freedmen and the economy, and reaffirms his belief that the South should be allowed easy re-entry into the Union.

Republican Vindicator, August 3, 1866, p. 2, c. 2
Praises the recent meeting of Pennsylvania Democrats with an audience of over 30,000 and expresses hope that the meeting is "a feeble indication of the 'ground-swell' which shall hurl the Radicals from power."

Republican Vindicator, August 3, 1866, p. 1, c. 6: "A Conversation With President Johnson."
"A gentleman who had a free conversation with President Johnson" outlines the President's views on various issues associated with Reconstruction.

Republican Vindicator, August 3, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Expresses relief that Congress has adjourned and hope that "men who endorse the Johnsonian policy" will soon "expose the vile course in Congress."

Republican Vindicator, August 10, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "The Southern States to Vote in the Presidential Election."
Argues that the Southern states cannot be prevented from participating in the 1868 presidential elections "without breaking the public peace and exposing the country to the horrors of another civil war."

Republican Vindicator, August 10, 1866, p. 1, c. 5: "The Social Problem."
Expresses concern that the course pursued by the Radical Congress may "produce a war of races of a very terrible character" and urges leaders not to ignore the "intrinsic differences" between the races when making policy.

Republican Vindicator, August 17, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "Brownlow Rampant."
Argues that "it is the settled purpose of the traitors at the North and the rebels of the South to involve the country in another bloody war" and that if they precipitate a crisis a million "gallant Union men" will surround the Capitol and the White House, "disposing of the heads of leading traitors." If another war follows, the author argues, the lands of the South should be redistributed to finance the war.

Valley Virginian, August 22, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation and our Duty."
This editorial applauds the outcome of the Philadelphia Convention, even if some aspects of it were distasteful. Still, the Southern states would do better to concentrate on rebuilding at home in order to regain their former status.

Valley Virginian, August 22, 1866, p. 2, c. 4: "The Philadelphia Convention--Declaration of Principles."
The paper prints the proceedings of the Convention at Philadelphia, held to support the policies of Andrew Johnson. The Convention declared that the war had ended and that slavery was forever abolished, but the rights of the states remained unchanged. The delegates call for Congress to admit Southern representatives immediately.The Convention refuses to support payment of Confederate debts, however.

Republican Vindicator, August 24, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Praises the recently adjourned Philadelphia National Convention for the "harmony" that characterized the proceedings and for the "spirit of conservatism which pervaded the Convention." Includes the Declaration of Principles produced at the Convention.

Staunton Spectator, August 28, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "The True Policy."
Argues that "the people of the South are reduced to the alternative of choosing between the policy of President Johnson as embodied in the Philadelphia platform, and that of Thaddeus Stevens as exhibited in the last Congress." The former alternative, the article contends, will lead "clearly and quickly towards order, law and civil liberty."

Valley Virginian, August 29, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "The President's Speech."
The paper prints excerpts from a speech by Andrew Johnson taking Congressional Republicans to task, and pledging to uphold the Constitution.

Staunton Spectator, September 18, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "Gloomy Views."
The results of recent elections in the North and Western attitudes toward President Johnson lead the author to suggest that "we are on the verge of disasters that will end in a bloody civil war between the parties in the North, and a war of races here."

Staunton Spectator, September 18, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "Strength of the Radicals."
Admits that "the disintegration of the Radical party will not take place during the present year" and that even lowering the Radical majority below two-thirds is "a matter of painful doubt and uncertainty."

Staunton Spectator, September 18, 1866, p. 4, c. 3: "Letter of A. H. H. Stuart."
Alexander H. H. Stuart expresses his belief that "we can, without sacrifice of honor or principle, ratify the proceedings of the Philadelphia Convention" and is optimistic that "retribution" will overtake the Radicals at the upcoming elections.

Valley Virginian, September 19, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This editorial admits that the prospects of a Radical victory look good. The editors urge southern whites to prepare for the consequences, and to be willing to resist.

Republican Vindicator, September 21, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "A Remarkable Article from a Semi-official Paper--The Troubles in Prospect--General Grant May Be Made Dictator."
Suggests that two separate Congresses may convene in December, meaning that President Johnson may have to choose one of them as legitimate, a situation that the author argues could lead to armed conflict and ultimately for Grant to become a dictator.

Valley Virginian, September 26, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
The editors report a feeling of despair across the South as a result of the likely triumph of the Radical Republicans and their policies. The possibility of a "civil war North, and a servile war South" is hurting business. The paper urges citizens to hold out hope, develop southern resources, and "manage the freedmen," and all will be well.

Staunton Spectator, October 2, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Laments that the fragile coalition forged at the National Convention in Philadelphia is now fracturing and warns Southerners against adopting the Constitutional Amendment in the hopes that it will bring "peace and restoration."

Valley Virginian, October 3, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Future and Our Duties."
This editorial comes out in opposition to the 14th Amendment and offers suggestions for how to deal with the situation if it passes. The article asserts that if African Americans get right of suffrage, the white South can "control it." In the meantime, southerners should concentrate on material growth.

Republican Vindicator, October 5, 1866, p. 2, c. 2
Endorses the idea of a "Southern Convention" where "the people of the South" can "plainly, frankly, forcibly and in language not to be misunderstood or misconstrued" state their "views and determinations."

Republican Vindicator, October 5, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Argues that "the Southern people have not the slightest idea of adopting the proposed amendment" and will instead wait for "the returning sober sense of the Northern masses" to halt the advance of Radicalism.

Staunton Spectator, October 9, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "The Amendment Can't be Adopted."
Argues that "the Southern people . . . will never place the brand of degradation upon their own brows" by adopting the Constitutional Amendment.

Valley Virginian, October 10, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "The Proposed Constitutional Amendment--So Called."
The paper prints and supports ex-Mississippi Governor Sharkey's analysis of the 14th Amendment. Sharkey declares it to mean the destruction of the States in favor of the tyranny of Congress.

Republican Vindicator, October 12, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
While Northern states are "in the midst of intense political excitement" with elections approaching, the editor thinks it "wonderful" that in the South "we are not torn by factions as are our Northern brethren."

Staunton Spectator, October 16, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "The Elections."
Laments the results of recent elections in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa where the Radicals increased their majorities and suggests that "the present times demand patience and fortitude on the part of the South."

Valley Virginian, October 17, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This editorial reacts to the triumph of Republican candidates in elections across the North. The article argues that Republicans are bent upon retaining power by abusing the South and support the impeachment of the President even if it leads to further conflict. The South, the article suggests, should support the President, and trust to the fact that the Radicals are too cowardly to push the issue further.

Valley Virginian, November 7, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This article summarizes current political developments. The editors comment on controversy in Maryland over appointment of police commissioners, the treatment of the imprisoned Jefferson Davis, and international affairs.

Valley Virginian, November 14, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "A few words about 'the Situation.'"
This editorial discusses the late elections in the North which resulted in Radical Republican triumph. The editors urge the South to oppose all Republican initiatives while focusing on work at home.

Valley Virginian, November 14, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "The Elections."
This editorial comments on the election results. The editors hope that the few conservative triumphs will be enough to defeat the Radical platform, but council quiet acceptance of the overall Republican victory.

Valley Virginian, November 14, 1866, p. 2, c. 3
This article urges Conservatives, despite their recent defeat, to immediately begin laying the groundwork for victory in the next election.

Staunton Spectator, November 2, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "What's the Use of It?"
Responding to an article in the Lexington Gazette and Banner that argued there was no reason to elect representatives to the next session of Congress since they would not be seated, the editor of the Spectator instead encourages people not only to vote, but "to elect the right kind of men." The article argues that taking the course proposed by the Gazette would play into the Radicals' hands.

Valley Virginian, November 21, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This editorial refuses to take a pessimistic view of the political situation. The "injustice" of reconstruction is nothing next to the suffering and perseverance displayed by southern whites during the war years. If southerners only focus on resisting the Radical agenda while developing the material prosperity of their section, they will soon be readmitted to the Union with rights intact.

Republican Vindicator, November 23, 1866, p. 2, c. 2
In light of the Republicans' overwhelming victory in the late elections, northern conservatives have called on white southerners "to accept the terms held out by the radicals" because, if they do not, they will be forced to accept even more stringent conditions. Though appreciative of the "bold and manly" stand taken by northern conservatives, the editors lament that they cannot follow the northerners' advice.

Valley Virginian, November 28, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This editorial asserts that the South is ignoring politics and making rapid progress toward material prosperity while the North wrestles with the question of reconstruction.

Staunton Spectator, December 11, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "The President's Message."
Praises President Johnson's Message for his refusal "to modify the policy he has heretofore advocated" but takes issue with one of Johnson's statements, which the editor believes implies that Congress has the authority to impose additional, extra-Constitutional qualifications for members of Congress.

Valley Virginian, December 12, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This editorial comments on several topics including the actions of Congress, the labor question, and proceedings of the Virginia legislature.

Republican Vindicator, December 14, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
With Congress back in session, several "prominent subjects" will take center stage in the upcoming months. As such, the editors disavow, in advance, any "diabolical schemes" the Radicals may enact, and distance themselves, and the South as a whole, from the Republican folly.

Republican Vindicator, December 21, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
As Congress debates the future of the southern states, the editors assail the various proposals promulgated thus far.

Valley Virginian, December 28, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "Exactly!"
This article argues that Radical Republicans in Congress deliberately foment sectional discord in order to blame the South and justify harsher treatment.

Staunton Spectator, January 1, 1867, p. 2, c. 4
Argues that the Supreme Court is now "the turning-point of the fight, the key of the battlefield," claiming that if the Court will "bring all laws and proceedings to the test of the Constitution" then "the revolution is arrested, and the country is saved."

Valley Virginian, January 16, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This editorial ranges over the political questions of the day. It criticizes the policies and proposed amendments supported by the radical Congress and congratulates the South for resisting them and continuing to progress materially.

Staunton Spectator, February 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Argues that "lack of boldness" is not among the sins of the Radicals who have moved against both the President and the Supreme Court and asks "when will the American people return to their senses"?

Staunton Spectator, February 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 2
Argues that Senators who have "vilified and denounced" the President, such as Charles Sumner, should not be able to sit in judgment during a Senate impeachment trial.

Valley Virginian, February 6, 1867, p. 1, c. 6: "A Sample of What is to Come."
The Valley Virginian takes the Georgetown Daily Union's allegations of fraudulent registration of African American voters in Washington, D. C., as an indication of things to come.

Republican Vindicator, February 8, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The editors lament the Congressional Reconstruction Committee's failure to advance efforts at re-union, and they appeal to "the virtuous masses of the North" to "arrest the wild career of partizan passion and hatred" deployed by the Radicals in Washington.

Valley Virginian, February 13, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
The paper encourages readers to resist all radical plans of Reconstruction, and especially denounces those of Stevens and Orr.

Staunton Spectator, February 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Blackest Record."
Even in the Long Parliament or "the most bloodthirsty epoch of a French convention," the article argues, never have "the representatives of the people" acted "with greater ignomy" than in the passage of the Reconstruction bill. Includes a critique of the bill for the government of Louisiana from the New York Times.

Valley Virginian, February 20, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Situation."
This update on political matters discusses a court case centering on the question of Virginia's standing under the constitution. It also encourages southern whites to "work, watch, and wait," in the hopes that the radicals will eventually be defeated and southern representation restored.

Republican Vindicator, February 22, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
In Washington, say the editors, Congress is debating a number of amended versions of Stevens's Reconstruction bill. Though it is "useless" to speculate on the various proposals, since so many have been put forth, one thing is certain: none of them bears "even a little of justice to the brave though conquered South."

Staunton Spectator, February 26, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Passage of the Bill for the Government of the Southern States."
An account of the negotiations between the Senate and the House on the Reconstruction bill, including a copy of the bill as finally passed.

Valley Virginian, February 27, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "A Few Plain Facts."
This editorial argues that the North, not the South, has violated the terms of the surrender at Appomattox by passing the Military Reconstruction Bill. The South is in the right, and has thus far lived up to its pledge, as well as all the other requirements imposed by Congress. The only way to resist radical reconstruction and regain political rights lies in a unified effort at restoring material prosperity to the South.

Valley Virginian, February 27, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Military Bill."
This excerpt from the Richmond Times points out that under the new Military Bill, Virginia cannot "avoid almost immediate negro equality at the ballot-box." The article urges lawyers to challenge the bill in the Supreme Court, the only "refuge" for the white South.

Staunton Spectator, March 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Confiscation."
A letter found in the Baltimore Gazette claims that a bill "providing for extensive confiscation of Southern landed estates has been prepared" and claims that the Radicals' "ultimate design is to seize upon every inch of southern soil."

Valley Virginian, March 6, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This editorial on the political situation argues that despite President Johnson's veto of the Military Reconstruction Bill, the radical Congress tyrannizes over southern whites. The only answer, say the editors, is to hold a convention as soon as possible and be sure every white man votes.

Valley Virginian, March 13, 1867, p. 1, c. 7: "Outrages and Insults to the Defeated only Disgrace the Victor."
This article argues that a tyrannical Congress is maliciously inflicting suffrage for African Americans upon the white South.

Valley Virginian, March 13, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "What are we to Do?"
This editorial states that now that black suffrage is unavoidable, southern whites must work to retain control of the government by winning the elections. A convention should be immediately called and campaigning begin to persuade blacks to vote with southern whites against the radicals.

Valley Virginian, March 13, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Common Sense."
This article from the Charlottesville Chronicle asserts that the South can expect little mercy from the Radicals in Congress, as past actions have shown. Suffrage for African Americans, prison terms for Confederate leaders, and military Reconstruction all prove their tyrannical nature. All white southerners can do is wait, hope they can "control the colored vote," increase in population as blacks decrease, and welcome a change in national mood from radicalism to moderation.

Valley Virginian, March 13, 1867, p. 2, c. 5: "An 'Old Citizen' on the 'Situation.'"
This letter from a citizen of Augusta declares that submission to Congress would betray the Confederate cause and the honor of the white South. The Radical Republicans care more about retaining power than reuniting the country. The author advocates calling a convention from which the people of Virginia can address the North.

Staunton Spectator, March 26, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Strong Language."
Argues that every member of Congress who voted for the Sherman bill "deserves to be taken out on Capitol Hill and shot!" This, according to the author, would be "moderate punishment."

Valley Virginian, March 27, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Constitution Overthrown."
This editorial encourages readers to take note that the New York Times considers reconstruction legislation to be in violation of the Constitution and evidence of rule by the whim of Congress.

Republican Vindicator, March 29, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The editors discuss the potential ramifications of the Supplementary Reconstruction Bill, which passed over the president's veto, and argue that the law, in combination with the Military Reconstruction Bill and the proposed Constitutional Amendment, will make the South "more republican than when the Union was originally formed."

Staunton Spectator, April 2, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Radicals on Sandy Foundation."
Argues that Radicals are on the verge of losing their hold on power and that Southerners will only help the Radicals by calling a convention.

Staunton Spectator, April 2, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The President's Message."
Praises President Johnson's veto message of the Supplementary Reconstruction Bill as a "noble effort in defence of constitutional liberty."

Republican Vindicator, April 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Contending that the proposal introduced by Thad Stevens on the eve on the last session of Congress has "met with but little sympathy in the House and less in the country at large," the editors express doubt that any bill to confiscate rebel property will ever become law.

Staunton Spectator, April 9, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Connecticut Election."
Finds cause for optimism in the results of recent elections in Connecticut, where Democrats and Conservatives won victories, and suggests that "the disastrous flood-tide of Radicalism has reached its height."

Republican Vindicator, April 12, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "Singularities of Suffrage."
The article calls attention to the apparent disconnect between what Radicals preach and how they govern, noting that only eight of the twenty-two states controlled by the Republican party grant blacks the right to vote.

Valley Virginian, April 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Whom Shall We Elect to Office?"
This editorial urges voters to reject "original Union men," and instead vote for young, energetic, intelligent, "true" southerners.

Republican Vindicator, April 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Sensing that their time has come and gone, the Radicals are forcing their Reconstruction policies, including universal suffrage, on the South in order to maintain their hold on power. To circumvent the Radicals' plans, the editors argue white conservatives must seek an alliance with the freedmen and must not oppose granting them suffrage so long as blacks "vote intelligently."

Republican Vindicator, May 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
In the current political situation, in which confusion and conflict flourish, it is difficult to ascertain which political advice to follow, avow the editors.

Valley Virginian, May 15, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Old Parties and Our Duties."
This editorial urges southerners not to divide and join political parties. The old parties have lost their usefulness. The only true divide in the South is along racial lines.

Republican Vindicator, May 17, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "A Blessing Which May Be a Curse."
The article questions the legitimacy of American democracy if the political system can be manipulated by "thieves, cut-throats, hypocrites, and scoundrels" who confer suffrage rights upon blacks solely in order to entrench the Radicals' hold on power.

Staunton Spectator, May 28, 1867, p. 3, c. 2
Argues that the most radical Republicans have polarized the races politically throughout the South, with blacks supporting "the more violent Radical leaders," driving whites to the Democratic party.

Staunton Spectator, June 4, 1867, p. 2, c. 2
Argues that Northern business interests will soon turn against Reconstruction because of the instability caused by the "political agitations" of the Radicals.

Staunton Spectator, June 11, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "Radical Address to the People of the South."
Argues that "fresh humiliation, outrage and final ruin" will be the lot of the South as long as the Radicals maintain power.

Valley Virginian, July 3, 1867, p. 2, c. 5: "What are We To Do?"
This editorial from the Charlottesville Chronicle argues that the Radical Republicans are treating the South unjustly and hypocritically. Unfortunately, Northern Democrats are making the situation worse by agitating and giving the Republicans even more reason to deal harshly with the South. The article advocates making terms with the Republicans without giving them support.

Valley Virginian, July 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Conquerors and the Conquered."
This editorial argues that the Radical Republicans are using their control of Congress and the military to impose a military despotism upon the country. Since they cannot hold power legitimately, they will use the powers and rights surrendered to them during the war to perpetuate their rule.

Valley Virginian, July 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
This editorial comments on the new Military Bill which allegedly gives District Commanders despotic power over the South. The paper encourages readers to have hope, and to work for material prosperity despite the difficult political situation.

Republican Vindicator, July 26, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The editors praise President Johnson's rejection of the Supplementary Reconstruction bill and concur with his assessment of the measure as unconstitutional. They describe his speech as "clear and concise" and based upon "conclusive reasoning."

Valley Virginian, August 14, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Situation."
The paper reports on corrupt behavior from the Radicals in their effort to impeach President Johnson.

Staunton Spectator, August 20, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Speculations on Coming Political Events."
Contends that, under the "threatening danger of negro supremacy," the "late governing whites of the South" will be subject to "the caprices and revenges of the black race, relieved but yesterday from the moral darkness, oppression, wrongs, and disabilities of African slavery."

Valley Virginian, August 21, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "The Muttering of the Coming Storm North."
This editorial predicts a revolution or second civil war in the North to remove the Radicals from power. Their political struggle with the Democrats is cast as one between a monied plutocracy and the people. If the Democratic minded people only have the courage to resist their rule, then the country will be saved from their tyranny.

Republican Vindicator, August 23, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Even northerners, contend the editors, are beginning to see that reconstruction is a bad idea. Congress' decision to disfranchise the South's "best citizens" and grant suffrage to "an unlettered and ignorant class" may have initially seemed an good way to reclaim control over the rebellious region, yet, in practice, the policies have failed dramatically.

Staunton Spectator, September 3, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Who Favor Radical Re-construction."
Argues that anyone who supports the Radicals' acts "to secure the permanent domination of the Radical party" must be deceiving themselves about the consequences of their actions.

Staunton Spectator, September 3, 1867, p. 3, c. 2: "Negro Candidates for Congress."
Contends that "there is little doubt" that "a majority of the Members of Congress from the South will be negroes" since many whites "would rather be represented by a negro than a white man who can take the oath."

Staunton Spectator, September 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Reaction against Radicalism."
Argues that "the anticipated and wished for tide of reaction against usurping Radicalism has commenced its flow" as evidenced in recent elections in the North, where Republican majorities were reduced or reversed.

Staunton Spectator, September 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "The two parties, Black and White."
The writer urges white men to resist the "black man's party" and to "take at once their proper, natural and inevitable station, with their own color, as against a hostile organization. Those who delay to do it will certainly be brought to shame and irretrievable ruin."

Valley Virginian, September 11, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The 'Reaction North.'"
This editorial argues that despite a few setbacks for the Radicals in Northern elections, southerners should still plan to comply with the provisions of the Military Bill and reconstruct on that basis. Waiting for a reaction in the North against the radicals can only make matters worse.

Valley Virginian, September 11, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Proper View."
The editors endorse the argument made in this excerpt from the New Orleans Crescent that counsels southerners not to openly defy Federal authority. Only through compliance with the Military Bill will southern States be speedily readmitted to the Union with their rights intact.

Staunton Spectator, September 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Amnesty Proclamation."
Argues that President Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation, found in another column of this issue of the Spectator, is opposed by the Radicals because "they fear it may prevent them from perfecting their scheme of establishing negro rule in the South." On the other hand, the writer contends that "the white people of the entire country will greet this proclamation with unqualified approval."

Valley Virginian, September 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Political 'Situation.'"
The Valley Virginian agrees with an excerpt from the Baltimore Gazette that argues that the conservative and radical wings of the Republican party have come to a critical juncture in disagreement. If elections continue to trend conservative, President Johnson may claim victory in the end and "save the Constitution and civil liberty."

Staunton Spectator, September 24, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Reaction--Stand by the Right."
Summarizes the editorial position of the Spectator since the promulgation of the Radical reconstruction plan: white southerners should remain "firm and steadfast" in anticipation of a "reaction of sentiment" among the Northern population against the proposed scheme. The article claims that this reaction is now under way, and will ultimately "overwhelm in righteous ruin the usurping, despotic, oppressive, unconstitutional Radical party."

Staunton Spectator, October 1, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Negro Rule--Slander upon the Soldiers."
Argues that the purpose of the reconstruction plan "is to secure the rule of the Radical party by radicalizing the South through the instrumentality of negro suffrage." Consequently, any man who votes for a Convention legitimizes this plan. "The Southern people," the author argues, "are to be punished and bastinadoed like elephants till they are willing to kneel humble that their African masters may mount their backs to be guided and ridden at their sovereign pleasure."

Republican Vindicator, October 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Seeking to dispel the notion that a return to power by the Democrats would result in the re-enslavement of blacks, the editors contend the "villainous parties" responsible for this rumor are simply trying "to force the colored people, as a body, to vote the radical ticket."

Staunton Spectator, October 22, 1867, p. 2, c. 3
Argues that recent elections in Northern states indicate that Radicalism is on the wane there and that now the South must do its part. The "vulgar and ignorant and vindictive Radicalism" that has appeared in the South "must be strangled in its infancy."

Valley Virginian, October 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "How to Settle Our Difficulties."
The paper advocates a Convention of the States at which the white people of the country will get together to solve their differences and "settle upon a form of Government, that will do justice to all." The war, and the even more bitter political disagreements since, show that the Republic, as organized now, is a failure.

Staunton Spectator, November 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Recent Elections."
Summarizes recent elections from a variety of states, which the author argues shows "how strongly the tide is setting in against Radicalism."

Valley Virginian, November 13, 1867, p. 2, c. 2
This editorial asserts that recent defeats for the Republicans in northern elections prove that most northerners are in favor of a "white man's government." Blacks must accept subordination and their role as laborers while northern and southern whites reconcile.

Republican Vindicator, November 15, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "How The South Is To Be Saved."
Four months after the upcoming presidential election, predicts the article, the "negro governments" of the South will fall and be replaced by white representatives who will immediately be admitted by Congress. The "only thing that could prevent" this chain of events "would be acquiescence by Southern whites" to the Radicals' program.

Staunton Spectator, November 26, 1867, p. 2, c. 2
Argues that Radicals can never accomplish their objectives "while there is a Southern or a Northern sword left to defend Caucasian blood" and explains that Caucasian blood is "progressive" while the blood of blacks is "retrograde and naturally barbaric in its impulses."

Staunton Spectator, December 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "President's Message."
Praises President Johnson's message to Congress, published on the first page of the Spectator, and urges all readers to peruse it carefully.

National Issues

Staunton Spectator, February 27, 1866, p. 1, c. 2: "Correspondence between Mr. W. A. Burke and Hon. A. H. H. Stuart, in relation to a Protective Tariff."
A. H. H. Stuart responds to a query from William Burke on the subject of protective tariffs, leading to a discussion on a wide range of subjects, including the causes of the war.

Republican Vindicator, July 13, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Argues that while regions outside the South have generally been united the new tariff bill "is meeting with a howl of disapproval from the people of the grain-growing West," since the bill will hurt them, as well as the South, while benefiting "the Eastern and Middle States."

Valley Virginian, July 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Triumphs of Radicalism."
The paper lists the "accomplishments" of the Radical Republican government ranging from a corrupt judiciary and censored press to high debt and high taxes.