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 Articles Indexed by TopicAugusta County : African Americans/Race RelationsThe Freedmen | Civil Rights | Race Relations | African Americans in the War | African Americans and Politics Note: When you select an article from the list below you will be taken to the appropriate page of the newspaper. You may need to scroll down in order to find the particular article you are interested in reading. |
Republican Vindicator, June 30, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper applauds the action of Col. Stewart, the post commandant, for arresting all the "idle" black men in town.
Republican Vindicator, July 14, 1865, p. 1, c. 6
This article records the alleged comments of a freedman urging ex-slaves to stay with their masters.
Republican Vindicator, August 4, 1865, p. 1, c. 5: "A Sensible Negro."
The paper prints the substance of a reported speech by an ex-slave urging all freedmen to return to work for their old masters.
Republican Vindicator, September 29, 1865, p.2, c. 1
The paper urges the Freedmen to remain faithful to their old masters and expresses concern that they will suffer from poverty
and exposure over the winter.
Republican Vindicator, November 3, 1865, p. 2, c. 4: "A Noble Old Negro."
The paper reprints an article celebrating a "refreshing instance of the gratitude of a negro towards his former owner."
Republican Vindicator, November 10, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper calls for a "farmer's convention" to meet to discuss the South's labor problems. The editors argue that though some
white labor can be procured through immigration, Virginians must face the truth that the freedmen will remain in the South
for good or ill. Consequently, they must be made to labor to "prevent vagrancy" and "the acquisition of idle habits." The
editors argue that African American labor was profitable under slavery, and can be made so again with the proper laws.
Staunton Spectator, November 14, 1865, p. 2, c. 1: "Contracts for Labor."
The article calls on the legislature to adopt rules for labor contracts as soon as possible. The law should ensure both the
"faithful performance" of the Freedmen" and to protect them "against the imposition of such employers as would be base enough
to attempt to take advantage of their ignorance and dependent circumstances."
Staunton Spectator, November 21, 1865, p. 1, c. 6: "Mortality among the Freedmen."
The article provides anecdotal evidence to support the notion that blacks cannot survive unless under the supervision of their
former masters.
Staunton Spectator, November 28, 1865, p. 2, c. 4: "The Freedmen."
Drawing on figures found in the Richmond Whig, the author contends that "mortality among the freedmen of the South ranges
from thirty to fifty percent" and predicts that "it will not require many years to put them all under the sod."
Republican Vindicator, December 8, 1865, p. 1, c. 6: "A Negro Discovered and Broken Up in Mississippi."
Reports that citizens in Ripley, Mississippi, recently uncovered a conspiracy among the freed people.
Republican Vindicator, December 15, 1865, p. 2, c. 4
Argues that Radicals are not content in overthrowing slavery, but continue to goad the South "under the shallow pretense of
protecting the emancipated slaves" and suggests that blacks would be most helped "if their pretended Northern friends would
cease their silly and malicious interference."
Staunton Spectator, January 23, 1866, p. 3, c. 2: "Local News--A Few Words to Freedmen."
The author explains to freedmen that freedom does not consist of the use of profane language. Instead, he counsels them to
labor faithfully and quietly and they will "receive good treatment."
Valley Virginian, February 14, 1866, p. 4, c. 1: "A Touching Appeal."
The paper prints an appeal from a group of African Americans in Selma, Alabama, asking their former masters to provide schools
and teachers for the children of freedmen. If the Southern whites do this, the writers argue, then they can guarantee "undivided
support." If the southern whites "stand back" then "strangers" from the North will step in and fill the role.
Staunton Spectator, April 10, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "Lo! The Poor Negro."
Argues that "emancipation, which we believe to be a curse rather than a blessing to them, was effected without any agency
of theirs," and professes to "fear the emancipation of the negro heralds the doom of the race." The author recommends colonization
to "some favorite clime where they can live to themselves and for themselves alone."
Valley Virginian, April 25, 1866, p. 4, c. 1: "Who Will Care for Niggers Now? A Parody."
The paper prints a poem ridiculing the idea of freedom for African Americans.
Valley Virginian, May 30, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "Judicious Advice."
The paper reprints an article from a journal "established in the interests of the freedmen" that urges them to seek the friendship
and good will of their former masters. The article argues that any rights "forced" on the white South cannot be enjoyed peacefully
by blacks, and that northerners will eventually abandon African Americans. The greatest hope for equal rights lies in patience
and gradual compromise with Southern whites.
Republican Vindicator, July 20, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "End of a 'National Bank.'"
Reports on an institution in South Carolina that called itself the "Freedmen's National Bank" where the proprietors gave freedmen
worthless notes in exchange for their federal greenbacks. They then disappeared overnight when an investigation was imminent,
taking between 3,000 and 4,000 dollars from the freedmen.
Republican Vindicator, August 31, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Reports that the Freedmen's Bureau will soon stop issuing rations to freedmen, who will be turned over to state authorities.
The author expresses approval that "no further premium for laziness is offered by the Bureau but contends that the Northern
States should bear the cost of supporting impoverished freedmen since they are responsible for the current conditions.
Republican Vindicator, September 7, 1866, p. 1, c. 7: "Address to the Freedmen--A Sensible Colored Man."
Reports on a recent speech to the freedmen of the Danville area by Lewis Ivey, who told his audience that the "white men of
the South" were their "only true friends." Ivey's speech, the author claims, was characterized by "a degree of intelligence
and force seldom evinced by one of his color."
Republican Vindicator, September 7, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "Remarkable Document."
David Quinn, of Chicago, has just published a memorial to Congress calling for "the re-establishment of negro slavery," in
which he explains "that the negro finds his civil liberty in his slavery" and that without slavery the white race will "degenerate"
like the white men of Mexico and Canada. Quinn, the article reports, uses "many historical and scientific facts in support
of his argument."
Valley Virginian, October 10, 1866, p. 3, c. 3: "Hire Your Negroes."
The paper offers advice for contracting with freedman laborers.
Valley Virginian, October 17, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "The Negro."
This excerpt from the Nashville Christian Advocate urges southern whites not to abandon the freedmen, but to tutor them and
encourage them to labor.
Staunton Spectator, January 15, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Effect of Radical Policy."
Argues that the condition of blacks in the South will not improve until whites have their political rights restored, claiming
that "if the capitalists suffer, the labor employed by their capital suffers in a still greater degree." The article, therefore,
attributes the freedmen's dismal condition to Radical policy.
Staunton Spectator, January 22, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "The Negro Population."
Claims that the black population of Virginia has declined by over 190,000 since 1860 and suggests that, from this "terrible
result of emancipation," it seems "that the ultimate fate of the African race in this country is foreshadowed by that of the
Indian."
Staunton Spectator, April 2, 1867, p. 1, c. 6: "The Colored People of Virginia."
Praises the "general demeanor of the colored people of the Commonwealth during and since the war" and offers three "facts"
that the "colored people" should remember: the "war was not waged by the North to set them free," that the "pretended friendship
of the Republican party" is filled with "hollowness and hypocrisy," and that "for generations to come" blacks in the South
"must be dependent for employment on their old masters and hirers."
Republican Vindicator, April 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 2
The diatribe criticizes Congress for overtaxing whites and appropriating the money "to take care" of blacks.
Valley Virginian, April 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 6: "One of the Effects."
These excerpts from the N. Y. Herald assert that the Freedmen surprised the Radicals by remaining united in interest with
their ex-masters.
Staunton Spectator, April 23, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "A Word to Freedmen."
Referring to a meeting of freedmen held in Staunton last week, the editor characterizes the course set forth in their resolutions
as "folly approximating madness" and warns that "if they throw down the gauntlet of defiant opposition, they may rest assured
that it will be taken up by the whites."
Republican Vindicator, April 26, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "Nomadic Character of the Black Population."
The article notes that, according to the latest population figures, the number of blacks in the South has decreased considerably
since 1860. In addition to the North and West, it relates, large numbers of blacks have departed the Upper South for Mississippi,
Louisiana, Alabama, Texas, and Florida.
Staunton Spectator, April 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Freedmen and Abraham Lincoln."
Contrasts a resolution praising Lincoln that was passed at the April 15 Freedmen's meeting in Staunton with a quote from Lincoln's
1858 speech in which he denounced social and political equality of the races.
Staunton Spectator, July 23, 1867, p. 3, c. 3: "Remarkable Predictions."
Quotes a speech of John Calhoun's delivered in 1849, in which he argued that emancipation would make the South "the permanent
abode of disorder, anarchy, poverty, and wretchedness." The article suggests that Calhoun's statements read "more like history
than prediction."
Staunton Spectator, July 23, 1867, p. 4, c. 2: "Grim Statistics."
Suggests that the high mortality rates have decreased the black population of the South by more than 1.3 million since emancipation,
and attributes this high figure to "casualties of war, epidemic diseases, intemperance, and reckless living."
Republican Vindicator, July 26, 1867, p. 1, c. 7: "Freedmen."
The article complains that a large group of ex-slaves has encamped on a peninsula on the Eastern Shore where they are reportedly
living on rations provided by the Freedmen's Bureau. Contending that the blacks have refused all entreaties to relocate to
places where they might find employment, the piece blasts the Civil Rights bill, which prohibits employing force to move them.
Valley Virginian, September 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Facts For Colored Folks."
This editorial advises the Freedmen to labor and avoid politics since white men in the North are more racist than those in
the South. Many northern immigrants settle in the Valley because of its low black population, and don't want to be "bothered"
by the race.
Valley Virginian, October 9, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Words Fitly Spoken."
Since the war ended slavery, and the labor of the Freedmen is deemed unreliable, the paper advocates immigration from abroad
or from other sections as the only way to fill the South's labor needs. Large farms will need to be divided and sold to attract
immigrants.
Staunton Spectator, October 15, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "A Few Words to the Colored People."
Urges black readers not to be misled by "designing people" who "try to array you against your old masters," warning that if
"you listen to the counsels of these bad men, do you think the men of property will employ those who turn against them?" Emancipation,
according to this logic, was part of a larger and more grandiose plan by northerners to drive blacks "out of the Southern
States into Mexico" so as "to make room for themselves" as Southern laborers.
Staunton Spectator, October 22, 1867, p. 3, c. 2: "A Word to Freedmen."
Argues that the white men of the South want "the negroes" to remain among them as their servants while "the poor white men
of the North and of the world want this fertile region and will occupy it, if they have to exterminate the negro to get it."
From these assertions, the author argues, blacks should look "to their own interest which is to stay with us as friends."
Staunton Spectator, October 29, 1867, p. 3, c. 4: "Let The Colored People Think."
Uses two quotes from Abraham Lincoln to demonstrate to "black men" that in the war "slavery was a secondary consideration--
and you a mere instrument to be used for ulterior purposes, while the Union (not the negro) was all."
Republican Vindicator, August 18, 1865, p. 1, c. 5: "The Suffrage Question--A Dialogue."
The paper reprints an article from the Boston Post ridiculing the idea of voting rights for African Americans, Asians and
Native Americans.
Republican Vindicator, September 29, 1865, p. 1, c. 6: "Negro Suffrage."
The paper reprints a poem ridiculing the idea of voting rights for blacks.
Staunton Spectator, November 7, 1865, p. 2, c. 1: "Negro Suffrage."
Argues that "the effects of negro suffrage" would be felt not only in the South, but also among "the white laboring men of
the North." With the "Southern States" now powerless to resist, it remained for the "conservatism of the North" to determine
"whether Abolitionism shall further dictate to the country this humiliation of the white man."
Staunton Spectator, January 2, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "Negro Evidence."
Seeks to calm white fears over legal changes that now allow for black testimony in cases involving whites.
Staunton Spectator, February 13, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "President's View on Negro Suffrage."
A report on the meeting of a "delegation of colored men" with President Johnson, in which he explained that he was willing
to be the "Moses" of the "colored race" but would not pursue a course that might "lead to a war of races."
Republican Vindicator, March 23, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Reports that the Freedmen's Bureau will soon allow cases involving any "colored person" to be settled in the local civil courts,
though the proceedings will be monitored by the Bureau to ensure fair treatment. The author contends that this will "give
the lie" to charges "of prejudice against a class of people, whom we have reared and nurtured among us and for whose welfare
our cares and desires have been persistent."
Staunton Spectator, June 26, 1866, p. 4, c. 1: "To Be Amended."
A mocking piece that suggests that amendments will soon be added to the Civil Rights Bill imposing "penalties on those who
refuse to recognize 'Cuffee' as abolitionism thinks he should be recognized."
Republican Vindicator, December 7, 1866, p. 1, c. 5: "Plain Facts for Plain People."
Written by a "plain man," the article purports to identify the concerns of everyday Americans. Of particular interest, he
contends, is the controversy over black or "Impartial Suffrage."
Staunton Spectator, January 22, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "What the Negroes Want."
Argues that "those who make the loudest professions of friendship for the negroes are, practically, their worst enemies."
The article claims that blacks "don't desire the right of suffrage" and asserts that "few would exercise it if granted." The
demand for black suffrage, it avows, is the work of "white agitators and incendiaries."
Staunton Spectator, February 26, 1867, p. 3, c. 3: "Negro Suffrage Inevitable if Sherman's Bill Becomes a Law."
Argues that the "ingenious malignancy" of the Reconstruction bill will ensure that whatever course the South takes there will
be "no refuge from negro suffrage" and encourages the ablest lawyers in the General Assembly to challenge the bill before
the Supreme Court, "where it will be thoroughly demolished."
Valley Virginian, April 17, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "To The Point."
This selection from the New Orleans Cresent compares Congress's extension of the suffrage to African Americans to ancient
Roman persecution of the Christians.
Staunton Spectator, July 23, 1867, p. 3, c. 2: "Endorsing Universal Negro Suffrage."
Argues that any member of the "white race" who supports the Radicals will commit "a monstrous crime against his race and section"
and "will soon find life a burden, and the pangs of conscience so acute that he will buy a rope and seek that species of relief
which Judas found for his great crime, in ignominious suicide."
Staunton Spectator, July 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Eligibility of Negroes."
Quotes the Lynchburg Republican, which argues that the Radical hesitancy to declare blacks eligible to hold elective office
is evidence of "the hollow hypocrisy and dishonesty of the men who elevate themselves as the only friends of the negro."
Staunton Spectator, August 6, 1867, p. 2, c. 5: "Negro Suffrage and Representatives."
Argues that because "the prejudices of race and color are the deepest and most ineradicable of those that divide mankind,"
when "white citizens . . . see a race just relieved from bondage made equal to them, and set to legislate over them, there
will come a quick cry of disdain and indignation." In the ensuing backlash, the article argues, "the negroes will certainly
be rendered incapable of holding office, and may possibly be deprived of the right of suffrage," events which will likely
be followed by a "great war of races."
Republican Vindicator, August 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Votes For Repudiation."
Declaring blacks unable to comprehend the complexities of taxation and other fiscal matters, the article insinuates that the
Republicans may have an ulterior for pushing black suffrage upon the nation--to lend support to their future economic policies.
Staunton Spectator, November 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 4
Urges "sensible and reflecting negro men" to recognize in the defeat of "negro suffrage" in the North that they are being
"used as 'cat's paws'" by Northern Radicals.
Republican Vindicator, December 20, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "Making The Application."
The article relates the details of a "conversation" between a "Black Republican and a Democrat" on the topic of black suffrage.
In the course of the discussion, the Democrat asserts that the inevitable consequences of political equality will be social
equality and interracial marriages, "a point all men should thoughtfully think over before they vote."
Staunton Spectator, August 22, 1865, p. 1, c. 4: "Negro Equality."
In poetic form, the author expresses his fears that whites will be "equaled to the 'nigger,'" with special attention to the
prospect of "amalgamation."
Republican Vindicator, August 25, 1865, p. 2, c. 1
The paper reports that a black youth recently paraded through the streets of Staunton wearing a belt and sword.
Staunton Spectator, October 3, 1865, p. 3, c. 1: "In The Wrong Place."
This article reports on "two colored persons," who, "presuming equality," seated themselves in the lobby of the American Hotel
near "white ladies." The proprietor demonstrated to the "'gemmen ob color'" in "a striking and forcible manner that he had
wholly mistaken his social status."
Staunton Spectator, November 14, 1865, p. 1, c. 6
Encourages citizens of Staunton to "discourage negroes from coming to town" or face the prospect of being "over-run by an
idle, vagrant population who will live by stealing" as well as rising prices for agricultural products.
Republican Vindicator, December 15, 1865, p. 3, c. 1: "Local Items."
G. W. Dudley "was attacked by two negroes" while returning home from Staunton on December 4. The author warns readers to beware
"such fellows and try the effect of a little powder and lead on them."
Staunton Spectator, January 2, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "Riot in Alexandria."
Recounts the "disgraceful scenes" in Alexandria, where blacks paraded, marched, and "insulted a number of white persons in
various ways" on Christmas day.
Republican Vindicator, February 23, 1866, p. 1, c. 6: "A Novel Question."
Referring to an incident in Alabama in which a Union captain closed a restaurant that refused service to two black soldiers,
the author asks "is the proprietor of a public house compelled to receive negroes at his table?"
Staunton Spectator, March 6, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "Treatment of Negroes."
Argues that the "Radical fanatics" are attempting to force white Southerners to "treat the negroes harshly" by legislating
"unpleasant relations between the two races."
Valley Virginian, April 4, 1866, p. 3, c. 2: "Miscegenation in Staunton."
The paper expresses outrage at the fact that John Scott, a white teacher at the Freedman's School, was seen escorting an African
American woman down the street. The paper reports that many people "hissed" upon seeing the couple, and the editors call for
the discharge of the offending teacher.
Republican Vindicator, April 6, 1866, p. 3, c. 1: "Local Items."
Reports that last Sunday a Mr. Scott undertook an act of "brazen effrontery" by walking down New Street with a "negress."
The author writes that "we advise him that such violations of public decency and decorum . . . shall not go unscathed in this
community, so long as we are permitted the free use of our pen."
Staunton Spectator, April 10, 1866, p. 3, c. 3: "Gallantry Extraordinary."
John Scott replies to a piece in the Spectator which expressed surprise and derision at the sight of Scott "escorting a negro
woman." Scott explains that while he is not in favor of "'Amalgamation,' or social oneness," he does believe that the "proper
way to train them to civility, is to be civil in our dealings with them."
Valley Virginian, April 11, 1866, p. 2, c. 3: "Miscegenation in Staunton. Nobody Can Deny So Plain A Fact."
Mr. John Scott writes a letter explaining his reasons for escorting an African American woman down the street, which caused
a scandal in Staunton. Scott claims that the woman was a student walking with him to retrieve a hymn book. Scott asserts that
he does not support miscegenation, and he alludes to the hypocrisy of many whites in Staunton who practice it.
Republican Vindicator, April 20, 1866, p. 2, c. 1: "Personal."
Continuing controversy surrounding an incident first described in the April 6 issue of the Vindicator in which a teacher at
the local Freedmen's School, Mr. Scott, was seen walking down the street with a black woman. Mr. Tukey, the Assistant Superintendent
of the Freedmen's Bureau, responds to the editor in another column of the Vindicator.
Republican Vindicator, April 20, 1866, p. 3, c. 2
F. S. Tukey, the local head of the Freedmen's Bureau, responds to an editorial in a previous issue of the Vindicator which
criticized a teacher at the Freedmen's School for walking down the street with a black woman. Tukey argues that he and most
others would have done the same as the offending teacher, which he characterizes as "allowing a colored woman who called on
him on business, to walk with him to his office."
Staunton Spectator, April 24, 1866, p. 2, c. 2: "White Persons Killed by Negroes."
Violence marred a celebration of the passage of the Civil Rights Bill in Norfolk. The author argues that "negroes generally
behave themselves very well except where they are incited to mischief and crime by some one or more mean and low white men"
and that "every treacherous white man of this character should have his neck stretched by the negroes they propose to dupe."
Valley Virginian, May, 2, 1866, p. 3, c. 2: "Another Negro Riot."
The paper reports on a riot, alleged to have taken place in Stafford County. The editors blame it on the Civil Rights Bill,
and warn citizens of Staunton that African Americans "lured on to their own destruction by the low, mean and cowardly white
wretches" might "seek supremacy in our midst."
Valley Virginian, May 30, 1866, p. 4, c. 1
The paper publishes a piece ridiculing African Americans and labeling them thieves.
Valley Virginian, August 8, 1866, p. 2, c. 4: "A Word to the Colored People."
This editorial asserts that the southern white is the best friend of the African American. Northerners were responsible for
the slave trade and pressed for emancipation not out of concern for blacks, but out of hatred for southern whites. The editorial
urges southern blacks to work hard to succeed as free people, and not follow the policies of the Radical Republicans.
Republican Vindicator, August 10, 1866, p. 2, c. 1
Criticizes "those pretended friends of the poor African, who teach him to distrust his early friends, the Southern whites,
and incite him to open rebellion against them," arguing that were it not for their "false tutoring" the former slave "would
have accommodated himself to his changed condition and been useful as a laborer."
Staunton Spectator, September 4, 1866, p. 1, c. 6: "A Few Words to the Respectable Colored People."
Argues that "sooner or later the orderly, well-behaved colored classes will have to draw the line between themselves and the
disorderly classes" and act "individually and in aggregate, to put down the mischievous black men" who have been protesting
and demonstrating in Richmond.
Staunton Spectator, September 11, 1866, p. 4, c. 2: "Colored Sketches."
"Antiquary" offers a "short sketch of a few of the most noted negroes that lived here in times gone by," a reading that he
believes "might be regarded as curious and entertaining" in the future when freedom causes the extinction of blacks.
Valley Virginian, October 10, 1866, p. 3, c. 2: "The Old Barber Shop."
The paper discusses a prominent African American business in Staunton.
Republican Vindicator, October 12, 1866, p. 1, c. 6: "Colored M. E. Church at Lynchburg."
Last Tuesday the corner-stone of the new M. E. Church was laid in Lynchburg, where both whites and blacks participated and,
according to the article, the white citizens displayed a "kindly and friendly spirit towards them, instead of the ferocious
one which the radicals attribute to us."
Republican Vindicator, November 9, 1866, p. 1, c. 7: "Colonization."
Reports that 1,165 "people of color" have applied to the American Colonization Society for passage to Liberia in the fall.
Valley Virginian, December 5, 1866, p. 1, c. 6: "Our Colored People."
This article reprinted from the Baltimore Transcript urges white southerners to avoid insulting African Americans, but declares
absolute opposition to suffrage rights.
Staunton Spectator, January 8, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Whites and Blacks."
Claims that Radicals are antagonizing otherwise amicable relations between the races in the South when in fact "they don't
care a straw for the negroes." The article argues that the role of blacks in the South "will ever be that of laborers" while
whites will continue to monopolize land and wealth. But it also encourages whites to help blacks obtain "the highest development
of which they are capable."
Staunton Spectator, January 8, 1867, p. 3, c. 3: "Aim of the Radical Party."
Claims that "friendly relations" between whites and blacks "could soon be established on a permanent footing," if not for
the "baleful influence" of the Radicals who seek to "bring about a conflict of races."
Staunton Spectator, February 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "White and Colored People."
Argues that "colored persons" need to learn "that their condition now is no better than that of the whites," contending that
"the time of their special privileges and immunities has passed, and they are now burdened with the responsibilities as well
as blessed with the fancied boon of freedom."
Valley Virginian, March 20, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Our Duties Now."
This editorial asserts that the South is unique among conquered nations because it is a region that is home to two distinct
races. All white Southerners must now "instruct" and "control" black Southerners in order to ensure that African American
suffrage will not transform the region.
Staunton Spectator, April 2, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "White and Colored."
Argues that the Radicals are playing "a cold political game in which the whites are to be injured and the negroes sacrificed
to promote a party success." The article urges "the people of the South" to convince "the negroes of the South" that they
"are their real as well as their natural friends."
Republican Vindicator, April 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 3
Decrying Radical efforts to pit southern blacks against southern whites, the article calls on readers to "counteract these
mean and devilish influences" by making it known to blacks that Radicals "only want to use them for their party purposes."
By contrast, Southern whites "are now and ever have been" the black man's "only friends."
Staunton Spectator, April 9, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Beverly Nash's Speech."
Refers to Beverly Nash's speech, found on the first page of the Spectator, as evidence "that the best class of the 'loyal
blacks' of the South fully understand the great fact that they and the white folks of the South" must come "together to work
out their own destiny."
Staunton Spectator, April 16, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "What a Colored Preacher Said."
A "colored gentleman" in Wytheville delivered an address to a meeting of Radicals in which he explained that blacks "would
have to live among and must cultivate the friendship of the better class of Southern white people."
Staunton Spectator, April 16, 1867, p. 4, c. 2: "For White Folks and Colored Folks."
Praises the conduct of the "colored people of this State" since the end of the war and urges whites and blacks to "try and
get on together," but also warns the colored population against "forgetting" its "position in society," that of "the laboring
class of the country."
Republican Vindicator, April 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 3
The article assails Hunnicutt and all other southern politicians who strive to turn the freedmen against their former masters.
Valley Virginian, April 24, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "A Word to the Colored People."
Faced with African American suffrage, the paper prints advice that all white southerners should give to black southerners.
Blacks must view southern whites, not northern radicals, as friends, and should work toward harmony with them by giving up
ideas of "social equality" and instead focusing on hard work.
Staunton Spectator, April 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Reports that "colored persons" have attempted to force their way inside street cars in cities throughout the South, including
Richmond, and suggests that their purpose is to create a conflict between the races to make political capital for the Radicals.
Republican Vindicator, May 3, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "Address to the Colored People."
In his speech, Lewis calls on blacks to ignore the pleas of white men who seek to undermine relations between blacks and "respectable"
whites.
Staunton Spectator, May 7, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Colored People in our Midst."
Explains to readers that in the current political crisis "whites must be united, and must remember that therein lies their
security." By contrast, the piece continues, blacks must be separated into two groups: "the negroes who do not intend to be
friendly to us," whose votes should not be courted, and "the sensible and reasonable of the colored people," who "should be
encouraged, and recognized as friends."
Staunton Spectator, May 7, 1867, p. 2, c. 3
Argues that "we must teach the blacks of this State that it is not safe for them to meet in nightly conclave to conspire,
plot against and abuse those to whom they wear faces of kindness and good will." Once blacks learn that whites are still "dominant"
in Virginia, good relations between the races will return.
Staunton Spectator, May 14, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Negroes and Street Cars."
Refers to the conflicts in Richmond over allowing blacks to ride the streetcars as "a foolish prejudice" and encourages the
Northerners who dislike the practice to address the prejudice in their own cities.
Republican Vindicator, May 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The article reports on a melee that occurred in Richmond last Thursday, after an fight broke out between a local black man
and a visiting white fireman. In the ensuing violence, both men were arrested, but the black man was freed after the crowd
forced policemen to give him up. The next night a similar incident occurred, but ended on a far more tragic note after the
police killed two men and injured several others before the army arrived to help arrest the ringleaders, which included one
white man.
Republican Vindicator, May 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 5: : "Arrest of Massachusetts Lawyer on the Charge of Inciting the Negroes to
Riot and Bloodshed."
Contains a copy of the speech delivered by a white northerner who was arrested for inciting blacks to riot in Richmond.
Valley Virginian, May 22, 1867, p. 4, c. 1: "What We Have to Do."
This article from the Mobile Register argues that southern whites must fight Reconstruction by "rescuing" black southerners
from the influence of the Radical Republicans.
Republican Vindicator, May 24, 1867, p. 2, c. 2
The editorial blames Radicals for the recent spate of racial violence in Richmond, New Orleans, and Mobile, and contends the
Radicals are promoting incendiary beliefs among blacks as a means to maintain political power. The best way to combat the
Radicals' efforts, argues the piece, is to "treat" blacks with "kindness" so that they know who their true friends are.
Staunton Spectator, June 18, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Outrageous Conduct."
Reports that Charlie Evans was arrested and placed in jail in Rockingham for attempting to hug a white woman and then warns
ominously that "insults to respectable white females" are "intolerable, and there will be a terrible atonement demanded if
again repeated."
Valley Virginian, June 19, 1867, p. 3, c. 3: "Disgraceful."
The paper reports a "disgraceful" incident in which an African American man put his arms around a white woman after winning
a tournament.
Staunton Spectator, June 25, 1867, p. 1, c. 5
Cudjoe encloses an article from a lecture delivered by Professor Agassiz in which the professor argues that "science inexorably
demonstrates" that the bones, muscles, nerves, and blood of "the negro" are as different from a chimpanzee as they are from
a white man.
Staunton Spectator, June 25, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Fall In."
Argues that while the whites of Virginia have attempted to be conciliatory, "the large majority of the colored population
have met all their expressions of good will, all their kindly overtures, all their concessions with insult and disdain." Now,
the article argues, "the white men of Virginia" must unite and "crush to imponderable dust the amalgamated masses of factious
men that disturb our state."
Valley Virginian, June 26, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Important Question."
The editors warn southern blacks that they will shortly have to compete with white immigrant labor, a battle they will most
likely loose.
Valley Virginian, June 26, 1867, p. 2, c. 5
This selection from the Rockingham Register asserts that the true conflict in the South is between the races.
Republican Vindicator, July 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Negro Race."
Blacks, according to the article, have one chance for survival in post bellum society--to "make friends of the whites" in
the South. Ultimately, the region will be "peopled by white laborers in place of the black race," but the timing of this transformation
is partially dependent upon blacks and their behavior. Should blacks be willing to disabuse themselves of any desire to achieve
equality, whites in turn "will prevent an influx of foreigners" for as long as possible, thus preserving blacks' place in
the region.
Valley Virginian, July 24, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "A Darkey's Opinion of the Situation. Who Comes Next?"
The paper warns African Americans that northern whites are as unfriendly to blacks as southern whites.
Republican Vindicator, August 17, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "By What Name."
The article discusses the various terms used to describe people of African descent in America. Because members of this group
have widely divergent characteristics, relates the piece, it is extremely difficult to come up with an appropriate name for
them.
Valley Virginian, August 21, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "A Word to the Negroes."
This editorial advises African Americans to abstain from voting. Only through working, ignoring politics, and avoiding conflict
with whites can they escape racial extermination.
Valley Virginian, August 21, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "A Conflict of Races."
This article asserts that a race war is becoming more likely. Given the large white majority in the country, it can have only
one result.
Staunton Spectator, August 27, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "The Negro--His Past and Future."
Argues that history demonstrates that "two different races cannot live together upon terms of equality. One or the other will
fade away and become extinct." Therefore, the writer contends that, "until they can change the color of the African's skin,
and make a white man out of a negro," the "attempt to give him this equality dooms him to death."
Staunton Spectator, September 3, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "How To Avoid Revolution and a War of Races."
Argues that the Congressional Reconstruction plan "places the Caucasian of the South at the mercy of the African, and gives
to the half civilized pauper the right to legislate for the confiscation of property." Whites are abandoning their tepid support
for the reconstruction plan, the article declares, as "the animus of the enfranchised blacks becomes more and more clear to
the Southern people."
Republican Vindicator, September 6, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
Blaming the "Abolition party of the North" for the current predicament in the South, the editors allege that Republicans sabotaged
the bond between masters and slaves to advance their own interests, not because they had any "real sympathy" for blacks.
Staunton Spectator, September 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 4: "Terrible Riot in Farmville."
Reports that a conflict between black residents of Farmville and "Yankee soldiers" took place on Monday after a conflict between
two soldiers and a "colored bar keeper." At least one soldier was killed and many on both sides wounded.
Valley Virginian, October 2, 1867, p. 2, c. 5: "Comparisons are Odious."
"Dumb George," the paper's African American assistant, is outraged at comparisons between blacks and poor whites.
Staunton Spectator, October 15, 1867, p. 4, c. 2: "A Young Lady Abducted and Her Ravisher Skinned Alive."
Reports that a woman was dragged into the woods near Flewelling's Cross Roads, Miss. and tied up "while the black scoundrel
effected his purpose without the miserable victim being able to offer the slightest resistance." When discovered by two hunters,
the woman suggested they "flay him alive." According to the article, "they at once proceeded with their hunting-knives to
relieve him of his epidermis."
Valley Virginian, October 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Folly."
The paper asserts that whites will soon declare that they will no longer "be bothered" with blacks.
Staunton Spectator, November 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Impetus to Immigration."
Argues that, unless blacks "speedily awake to their own interests" and abandon their support of Radicals, "they will suffer
'woes unnumbered'" and will "disappear as the morning mist and the early dew," replaced by white laborers from the North.
Valley Virginian, November 6, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Only Remedy."
This article asserts that the election results show that African Americans "have drawn a blood line between themselves and
the whites," and are aiming at establishing "supremacy." The only way the south can "protect" themselves is to secure white
majorities by encouraging immigration from the North and Europe.
Staunton Spectator, November 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Southern Black Men."
Urges black men to spurn "the emissaries of Radicalism" and argues instead that "as the vine to the trellis, or the ivy to
the tower, so should he cling to the white man of the South."
Staunton Spectator, November 19, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Hunnicuttism and Negroism."
Drawing on a speech delivered at the Constitutional Convention, and other rumors from throughout the state, the author contends
that blacks are consumed by the desire for "vengeance against the whites--all whites, Southerners, Northerners and foreigners."
As a result, the article suggests that "citizens" begin "devising means for the protection of their lives and homes."
Staunton Spectator, November 26, 1867, p. 3, c. 2
Argues that "the blood line has been drawn. It is color against color--race against race--blood against blood" and declares
that "negro supremacy cannot be, and will not be tolerated in a government made by Caucasians."
Staunton Spectator, November 26, 1867, p. 4, c. 2: "An Impending Servile War."
Contends that blacks across the state are organizing and plotting to take possession of the "property of their late masters."
Their efforts, the author promises, will be unsuccessful as whites in both sections will unite against them. He laments that
"these poor negroes are hastening their own destruction by their truculent conduct."
Valley Virginian, December 4, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Associate Continues his Talk with the People of Alleghany. The Question
of Labor is the One That Most Concerns Us."
This excerpt from the Covington Times argues that African Americans are the best solution to the labor problem. Blacks want
material comfort and prosperity, not political rights, the author insists. If southern land owners would only ensure that
their tenants can make a decent living, then radicalism will be rejected and both races will live in harmony.
Republican Vindicator, December 5, 1867, p. 2, c. 5: "White is the Word."
Deriding blacks and their "miscegenation allies" for "raising" a "decided rumpus" and "clamoring for a hand in the government,"
the article lists the various accomplishments and contributions of "white men" to the history of civilization as a counterpoint.
Republican Vindicator, September 14, 1866, p. 1, c. 5: "Didn't Like Fighting."
Uses a fictionalized wartime conversation between two black men to argue that "the negro had no desire to fight on either
side, whether for, or against his liberty."
Republican Vindicator, February 16, 1866, p. 1, c. 4: "The President and a Colored Deputation--Interesting Exposition of the
President's Views."
A transcript of a meeting between President Johnson and a delegation of "colored representatives" led by Frederick Douglass
and George Downing. Johnson expresses his opposition to extending suffrage and encourages blacks to emigrate from the South,
suggesting that the alternative is a war between the races.
Republican Vindicator, February 23, 1866, p. 1, c. 3: "The Sentiment of a Leader of the Privilege Class--Speech of Mr. Douglass."
Attacks a recent speech by Frederick Douglass in which he contended that President Johnson's policies amount to a "'base and
wanton surrender of all the terrible efforts of this war back again into the hands of the very men, who, with broad blades
and bloody hands, have sought to destroy the nation.'"
Republican Vindicator, June 29, 1866, p. 2, c. 4: "Negro Congressmen."
Argues that the South should send "fifty or sixty of the ugliest, dirtiest, greasiest, . . . most ignorant cornfield darkies"
to Congress and soon, the author predicts, "the spectacle" would guarantee that "neither army or navy would obey their behests."
Republican Vindicator, March 15, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The editors report that an association of blacks named the "Loyal Political Society" was formed by "Hunicutt and his ilk"
in the wake of the passage of the Stevens-Sherman-Shellabarger bill. The goal of the organization is to raise the political
consciousness of Virginia's freedmen by sending lecturers across the state to speak. According to the editors, these lecturers
"will endeavor to poison the minds of the negroes against their only friends, the whites of the South."
Republican Vindicator, April 12, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "A Northern Man's Observation."
The article describes the diverse character of Charleston's black community and argues that voting patterns reflect the socio-economic
differences.
Valley Virginian, April 17, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Important Meeting."
The paper reports that at a mass meeting of Augusta Freedmen, conservative resolutions were adopted, and conservative delegates
appointed to the convention. "The colored people have done well, as we expected."
Republican Vindicator, April 19, 1867, p. 1, c. 4: "The Great Power of the Southern Leaders-'Send Negroes to Congress and
Bring the Revolution to Its Logical Conclusion.'"
Because the "leading men" of the South continue to have a significant sway over the general public in that region, the article
argues that they should use this power to elect "intelligent blacks" to Congress to represent their views in Washington, including
their desire to end Reconstruction.
Republican Vindicator, April 19, 1867, p. 3, c. 1: "Local Items."
The article contains a brief summary of the proceedings at a meeting of local black residents and a copy of the resolutions
approved by those in attendance.
Staunton Spectator, April 23, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Conservatism vs. Radicalism."
Ridicules the Valley Virginian for characterizing the resolutions of the recent meeting of freedmen as "conservative" when
in fact they appear to the author as "radical." Includes a copy of the preamble and resolutions produced at the meeting.
Republican Vindicator, April 26, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
The editors offer a critical appraisal of the political convention held by black Virginians last week. The delegates, several
of whom were selected at a meeting in Staunton two weeks ago, agreed upon a program that "committed the unfortunate and ignorant
black people of the State to a policy calculated to result in great injury to them." The editors place blame for the radical
sentiments expressed in the convention's resolutions on "designing whites" who misled the freedmen.
Staunton Spectator, April 30, 1867, p. 3, c. 2: "General Echols' Address--Meeting of the Freedmen."
A summary of the speeches made last Saturday night to a meeting of freedmen by Gen. Echols and three "colored men." The author
reports that "the meeting on the whole was a treat as rich as it was novel" despite the obviously Radical inclinations of
the black people in attendance.
Valley Virginian, May 1, 1867, p. 3, c. 4: "Great meeting of the Freedmen of Augusta! Many Whites Present. Good Order and
Kind Feeling Exhibited."
The paper summarizes the speeches and proceedings of an interracial mass meeting for the Freedmen. General John Echols spoke
on the importance of interracial cooperation, and urged Augusta's blacks to reject the Radicals and confiscation. Several
members of the African American community responded, and argued against Echols's position.
Republican Vindicator, May 3, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Meeting of Freedmen."
The article contains a lengthy extract from Gen. Echols's speech at the political rally held by Staunton blacks last Saturday.
The piece also includes responses from several prominent members of the local black community.
Staunton Spectator, May 7, 1867, p. 2, c. 4
Exhorts readers to "give Cuffee a lesson at the polls" to "open his eyes to his exact position in Virginia."
Staunton Spectator, June 25, 1867, p. 2, c. 3
Argues that if blacks are "consolidating their vote for the Radical party and against the white people of the South" then
"we should allow them the freedom of seeking employment of their Radical friends at the North."
Republican Vindicator, June 28, 1867, p. 2, c. 4
Freedmen in Virginia believe that a black man should, and will, be on the next Republican Presidential ticket, relates the
article. In contrast to most portraits of the ex-slaves as political neophytes, the article presents blacks as cognizant of
their importance in the upcoming Presidential election and intent on benefiting from their position.
Valley Virginian, July 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "The Situation in Tennessee."
This excerpt from a letter from a Tennessee farmer argues that African Americans are only half-hearted about following the
Radicals. Their participation in clubs and rallies is a result of manipulation, and so far they have really remained "obedient."
Staunton Spectator, July 23, 1867, p. 3, c. 4: "A Sensible Freedman."
The editor recommends this letter from Aaron Hurt to "the best classes of our own colored citizens." In the letter, Hurt
argues that his enslavement was not his master's fault, expresses distrust for Radicals, and labels himself "a Conservative."
Staunton Spectator, July 30, 1867, p. 2, c. 1: "Negro Representatives--Reaction in the North."
Suggests that the probable election of "negro representatives" from Southern districts will spur a Northern backlash against
the Republican party. The editor of the Spectator is pleased that the Herald agrees that "the Northern people have stronger
prejudices against the colored people than we of the South."
Staunton Spectator, August 20, 1867, p. 2, c. 4
Argues that allowing blacks to participate in democracy is comparable to John Milton asking his cook to participate in the
writing of Paradise Lost, and suggests that "if free governments are subject to such fits of insanity, they are in imminent
danger of self-destruction."
Staunton Spectator, September 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "Will the Negroes Consider?"
Argues that "the negroes deliberately shoved the white man off of their platform" at the Radical Convention in Richmond but,
citing population figures that show whites more numerous in the state, the author argues "that we need not be bullied." The
author suggests, however, that "we are willing to give them a fair share of the spoils yet, if they are reasonable--say the
whole Congressional delegation."
Valley Virginian, October 16, 1867, p. 2, c. 5: "A Word to the Colored People."
The Richmond Whig warns African Americans that radicalism is on the wane and conservatism is on the ascendent in both North
and South. Black suffrage is only an experiment, and the manner in which African Americans use it will have much to do with
its continuance under the new regime. The editorial urges them to remember this, and break off all connection to radical politics
and groups.
Staunton Spectator, October 29, 1867, p. 2, c. 3
Reports that "the Lynchburg papers are zealously advocating the discharge of all negroes" who voted for Radicals and that
150 black men employed at the Wythe Iron Works were discharged after voting the Radical ticket.
Republican Vindicator, November 8, 1867, p. 1, c. 5: "My Land and Mule"
The article relates the story of an elderly black man in Amherst County, who, after voting in the late election, asked the
officer in charge for his "'forty acres of land and his mule.'" Apparently the man had been told that he would receive those
items once he cast his ballot. When informed that no such policy existed, the man expressed his "disappointment" and explained
to the officer that many blacks in the area had been promised as much.
Republican Vindicator, November 8, 1867, p. 2, c. 3: "Our Laborers and Domestics."
With blacks increasingly exhibiting their political independence, many whites in Lynchburg are mulling over their options.
Some have suggested "cutting loose" their black employees outright. Others have offered black workers the option of retaining
their positions, but only if they withdraw from the newly formed Union Leagues and "cease to array themselves in hostility
against the Southern people."
Republican Vindicator, November 22, 1867, p. 2, c. 1
According to the Constitution, candidates for Congress must be U. S. citizens for seven years before they are eligible to
serve in the House and ten years for the Senate. Consequently, relates the piece, blacks, who "were not citizens, at least
until Mr. Lincoln's proclamation in 1862," should be ineligible to hold office. Since the Radicals came to power, however,
the true test for eligibility has become "loyalty to Radicalism."
Staunton Spectator, December 10, 1867, p. 2, c. 2: "The Negroes Gagged."
Drawing on a report that white Radicals at the Constitutional Convention have urged the black members to speak more judiciously,
the author expresses his "hope that the negroes in the Convention will show more spirit than to suffer themselves to be gagged
by the white Radical members."
